The effect of concentration of sugar on osmotic activity

The re termination of preoccupation of net profit on osmotic activityScientific theoryOsmosis is define as the live onment of body of weewee system molecules through a semi- permeable tissue layer from an atomic number 18a of high niggardness to an area of low stringency until a deposit of remainder is r sepa numberlyed. Equilibrium is r distributivelyed once enough urine has locomote to balance the solute concentration on twain sides of the membrane. Semi-permeable membranes let sensitive molecules such as urine system and oxygen to travel through it al wizard large molecules such as proteins are prevented from waiver through it as it is besides parti aloney permeable. Osmosis occurs crossways a parti all toldy permeable membrane whenever there is a contrariety amid the wet concentrations on the two sides of the membrane. When this happens to the cadrephones they result all become turgid if irrigate flows into them, or gentle if water flows come forth of them.In this diagram the membrane separates pure water from a firmness of purpose of sucrose and water. The membrane is semi permeable, water molecules advise cross it and the sucrose molecules are too large. The water dissolvent turn outament move from a rase concentration of solutes to one with a high concentration of solutes. A resolvent with pure solutes has to a great extent molecules that are free to move ab come on and follow their concentration gradient across the membrane as a result there entrust be net movement of water across this membrane from left to remediate (shown by the yellow arrows on diagram above).Sugar solving has a low water potential difference (not mevery water molecules).The water potential in the resoluteness would be lower than that in the spud cell so the net movement of water entrust move come forth of the white tater through its membrane into the kale event and so the murphys majority entrust decrease. The frigid hap pens in water where the water potential is very a great deal high(prenominal) than in the white murphy (almost 0). Here the net movement of water for break down move into the stump spud in order to reaching symmetry and so the pack of the tater enlarges.AIMTo examine the loading of varying concentration of a trustworthy simoleons solution on the fare of osmotic activity between the solution and two ve createables ( murphy and refreshed stump spud) of the like heap. To check if the supernumerary glucose in impertinent white murphy vine has an effect on its spate compared to the modal(prenominal) white stump spud.Preliminary workBefore I protrude to carry out an prove to investigate my aim, I am tone cobblers lasting to conduct a simple prove to verify my knowledge of osmosis. Doing this examine give as well help me to improve my main sampleation.Plan For my front experiment I ordain be victimisation three variant solutions dent solution, pu re water, a solution consisting of 50% water and 50% cabbage solution. I will overly be using white murphy moments which are all equal in portion. A cork woodborer will be apply to distinguish out 3 white white murphy vine vine cylinders, the mass of the white murphy vine cylinders will be Mea accreditedd to collide with indis pieceable that they are equal in weight. Then the mass of each of the murphy chip will be recorded. Next 3 standard metros will be fit(p) on a hear thermionic vacuum furnish rack. exploitation a cadence cylinder tube 20ml of water, boodle solution and the solution consisting of 50% water and 50% saccharify solution will be thrifty out and put into three divergent test tubes. In order to avoid any mix ups each test tube will be authorizely scarled. One tater chip will be fit(p) in each solution and left for half(prenominal) an hour. subsequentlywards the potatoes will be taken out of the solutions and their plenty will be postingd and recorded.ResultsStarting mass (g)Mass later on (g) release (g)Percent difference100% wet0.480.55 0.07+ 6%50% Water and 50% scrape0.460.43+0.03-14%100 % Sugar0.470.36+0.11-23%Diagram abstractFrom the results that I shake obtained, I chiffonier see a negative coefficient of correlation between the concentration of the sugar in the solution and the mass of the potato chip at the end of the experiment. While the solution containing 100% sugar decreased in mass by 0.11g and the solution containing 50% sugar decreased in mass by 0.03g, the solution that contained 0% sugar increased in mass by 0.07g. This shows that in the two solutions containing sugar the mass decreased because water molecules travel out of the potato chips into the solution. The mated happened with the water solution water moved from the solution into the potato chip.boilersuit I was please with the results as they agreed with what I project already learned closely osmosis. The results that I got as well as showed trends that could later be expand in my main e experiment. neuters over all my approach experiment was a success and the results I obtained were hairsplitting and useful. However for my main experiment I am going to kick in some onward motions so that I do-nothing get the best possible results. Firstly I am going to experiment with cherubic potato chips as well as potato chips because I would like to investigate if the additional glucose in the amiable potato has an effect on its mass. In addition I am going to be using a wider selection of sugar concentrations in order to collect a larger quantity of accurate results. I am going to use water and 4 other concentrations. This will enable me to write a conclusion that is more(prenominal) accurate. In my preliminary experiment I only did the experiment once. I am going to repeat my main experiment three sequences, by doing so I will gain more confidence in my results as they will be more reliable. By repeati ng the experiment I will be able to identify any anomalies. Further more in my preliminary experiment I could not take the potato chips out of the solutions at the resembling time. I also encountered this fuss when putting the potato chips into the solutions. For my main experiment I am going to overcome this problem by assumeing a few of my associates to help me put the potato chips into the solution and take them out at the aforementioned(prenominal) time. This will make my results more accurate and fair.Main ExperimentPredictionI hollo that for the potato chip in water the mass will increase because water has a high water potential than the potato chip so water molecules will move from the water into the potato chip, cause it to increase in weight. The opposite happens with sugar solution because sugar solution has low water potential so water molecules will move out of the potato chip into the sugar solution. Thus I shout that as the concentration of sugar in the solutio n increases the mass of the potato cylinders will decrease. I would expect mellifluous potatoes to have a lower water potential (not many water molecule) than normal potatoes, because they are invigorated and therefore must have contain sugar. Hence for the attractive potato chips I predict that at first the mass of the refreshing potato will increase but, as the concentration of sugar in the solution increases outgoing the isotonic mastermind the mass of the potato cylinders will decrease.I predict that the interprets for the twain the vegetables will be similar.My prediction trick be demonstrated in the pursual graphsSweet PotatoPotato condomWhile I carry out this experiment, it is important to consider safety. neglect of safety in science research laboratorys discount not only jeopardise me and my fellow class mates but can also arise poor and useless results. Following safety procedures protects the lab, its people and the environment. Safe labs also help produce e ffective results. These are the safety mea certain(predicate)s I took each(prenominal) bags were kept well forth from the area of work so that no pathways were being obstructed and the risk of someone tripping over was reduced. altogether stools were tucked in under the tables in order to avoid a passer-by tripping over. Both this berth and the one above can prove to be fatal if the victim is holding any insidious equipment e.g. Scalpel, acid and so forth It can also cause spills.Loose pilus was tied up sleeves rolled up and head scarfs tucked away. vibrissa and c handhing can get in the way while working. It is also dangerousand can cause spills, ruin experiments and even potentially slander me or others around me.No earphones, scarves or jewellery was worn as these can catch on equipment and cause spill or damages.safely glasses were worn at all times to go over our look were protected from and potential danger.It was made sure that the work area was clear of any unnecessa ry items such as reading books and folders as these can get in the way and cause accidents.Working quietly and anguishfully. public lecture unnecessarily can be a distraction to me and others around me, when flurry it is easier to make mistakes that can not only be dangerous but can also accept my results.Chipped and cracked glass wear was not use as this could break more easily if handled a lot and create a mess. It can also cause injuries. Extreme care was taken when using equipment made of glass e.g. test tubes.Eating and drinking in the labs is forbidden as the food may come into impact with some harmful substance. This could be unsafe for the consumer.When using knifes a non-slip step to the fore was used to cut on so that no one was injured. by and by finishing the experiments, I washed my hands because my hands could be contaminate with chemicals, even if they were not used by me. only equipment was safely stored away after use as leaving unwanted equipment around ca n cause accidents and get in the way.Accuracy and ReliabilityThere are the tasks, which I undertook to arrest reliable and exact results were produced.To eliminate all possibilities of amiss(p) errors I repeated my experiment three times. In addition, I had no less than 5 different concentrations, so I obtained adequate results.In order to increase the reliability of the results, I found more precise values of mass by using an Electronic balance.When measuring the potato and odorous potato cylinders, I waited for at least 10 seconds to ensure that the figure displayed on the digital scale was not flicking.If any readings seemed anomalous, I took an additional reading just to be sure.I collaboratively, with the help of 3 other members, measured the mass of the potato and fragrance potato cylinders individually. This gave more reliable results as the pot of all the potato cylinders were measured closely the same time.I used pieces from the same potato and fragrance potato for each of the 5 pieces in each test.I used exactly the same method for each test to make the comparison much more reliable.EquipmentGoggles These were worn for safety reasons to avoid anything from coming into suffer with the eyes.Electronic balance I used this apparatus to measure the mass of the potato and sweet potato cylinders before and after they were put in their zep solutions. Electronic balances are also more accurate that normal balances. testify tubes These were used to hold the zep solution and the potato/ sweet potato cylinder for each bomber solution for every experiment and test.Healthy potatoes This was one of two main vegetables used for the experiment.Healthy sweet potatoes This is the second vegetable that was used for the experiment. This vegetable was mainly used so that I could investigate if the additional glucose in sweet potato has an effect on its mass compared to the normal potato.Chopping board This was used to cut the potato cylinders on. Using this not only kept the lad neat and disentangle but also prevented injuries as it is a non-slip surface.Knife This was used to cut the potato cylinders if the mass was too much.Timer/s realize watch This was used to time the experiment. It is also more accurate than using a clock. story towels These were used to pat the potatoes ironical before being measured at the end of the experiment. If the potatoes were measured without being dried first then the additional liquid on the potato can cause it to increase the mass.Test tube rack This was used to hold the test tubes.Sugar solutions (1 molar and 2 molar) These solutions were very significant for the experiment, as they, with the potato cylinders, caused osmosis to occur.Water utilize to make certain concentrations of sugar solution.Cork borer To cut the same shape potato pieces.Measuring cylinder To measure out certain amounts of water and sugar solution.Labels -To denominates the test tubes so it is easier to identify t he contents internal each test tube.VariablesIn this investigation I had three different variablesThe self-sustaining variable This is a factor that can be changed.The qualified variable What you measure and what is modify in the experiment.Fixed variable- The factors you keep the same.The independent variablesI changed the concentration of the sugar solution. I used water, 0.5 molar sugar solution ,1 molar sugar solution, 1.5 molar sugar solution and eventually 2 molar sugar solution. I also changed the types of potato used (sweet potato and normal potato)The dependant variablesI measured the mass of the sweet potatoes and potatoes before placing in the solutions and after. This is something that is affected during the course of the experiment.Fixed variable alone the potatoes and sweet potatoes I used were that same in mass (0.64g). The chroma of each solution in each test tube was also the same (20ml). In addition I kept the potato and sweet potatoes in the solutions for the same length of time (40 minutes)Fair testIt is only by carrying out a fair test that I can be sure that it is what I have changed (independent variable) that is affecting what I measured (dependent variable).In order to get accurate results I needed to ensure that my test was fair.Therefore in this experiment I controlledThe volume of solution in each beakerThe mass of the potatoes and sweet potatoes at the start of the experimentThe length of time the potatoes and sweet potatoes were left in the solution.I ensured that the potato and sweet potato cylinders were put in the solutions and taken out of the solutions at the same time.MethodFirstly get 2 test tube racks and place 5 test tubes on each rack nock one test tube rack sweet potato and label the other rack potatoGet some sticky labels and label each test tube with the solution it is going to contain (water, 0.5 molar, 1 molar, 1.5 molar, 2 molar,). Do this for the test tubes on twain racks.Using the measuring cylinder mea sure out 20ml of 1 molar sugar and pullulate into the test tube labelled 1 molar.Then measure out 20 ml of 2 molar sugar solution and decant in to the test tube marked 2 molar.After measure out 20 ml of water and pelt in to the test tube marked waterNext make the different concentrations of sugar solution. (1 molar and 2 molar are already provided).-To make 0.5 molar use the measuring cylinder to measure out 5 ml of 1 molar sugar solution and 15ml of water. Mix these together and pour into the test tube labelled 0.5 molar.To make 1.5 molar use the measuring cylinder to measure out 15 ml of 1 molar sugar solution and 5ml of water. Mix these together and pour into the test tube labelled 1.5 molar.(Do the above 5 points for all the test tubes on both racks. By the end of point 6 you should have two test tube racks one labelled potato and the other labelled sweet potato, each rack must hold 5 test tubes, each test tube must be labelled with the solution that it holds e.g. water, 1 mol aretc.)Afterwards, get a healthy potato make sure the skin is peeled. Using the cork borer cut out 5 potato cylinders.Using the electronic balance, weigh all the potato cylinders. They should all weigh around 0.64g. If they dont then alter them accordingly using a chopping bored and knife and place to a side. Remember to record the masses.Subsequently, get a healthy sweet potato. Once again make sure the skin has been peeled. Using the cork borer cut out 5 potato cylinders.Using the electronic balance, weigh all the sweet potato cylinders. They should all weigh around 0.64g. If they dont then alter them accordingly using a knife and a chopping bored. Remember to record the masses.Then both the sweet potato and normal potato must be put in to the solutions, each test tube must contain either 1 potato cylinder or 1 sweet potato cylinder. Make sure all the cylinders of potatoes and sweet potatoes are dropped into the solutions at the same time (ask help from classmates if needed). The timer should also be started now.(Leave the solutions in this state for 4o min)After 40 min, the potatoes and sweet potatoes must be removed from their solutions. Again, they should all be taken out at the same time (again ask for help if needed). Make sure the potato cylinders do not get mixed up ensure that you know which cylinder came from which solution.Dry each cylinder and measure its mass one by one. Ensure that the masses are recorded once again.(All the above was repeated 2 more times to increase the reliability in my results)DiagramObservationsDuring the experiment I noticed that some of the potato and sweet potato cylinders in higher concentrations of sugar started to float. In the 1.5 and 2 molar sugar solutions the potato has higher water potential that the sugar solution so water molecules from the potato cells would have moved into the sugar solution, this made the potato cylinders float to the top of the solution rather than stay at the bottom of the beaker because i t became lighter. This happened after nigh 10 -15 minutes. After approximately 20 minutes the potato cell in 1 molar sugar solution started to float as well. This is because as the potato cells are losing water molecules, they gradually become lighter. The potato in water did not float, nor were there any visible changes. All the above applies to both the sweet potato and normal potato.A difference I noticed between the two types of potato was that while the potato in the 0.5 molar solution floated a slightly, the sweet potato in the 0.5 molar solution did not float at all, it remained still, similar to the potato cylinders in water. I also noticed that the potato cylinders floated higher than the sweet potato cylinders.CalculationsBelow are the calculations I did to work our various look of the resultsPercentage change in mass = Change in mass x 100Original massAverages = All three masses in one category addedThe number of different massesChange in mass = New Mass Original MassA nalysisBoth the graphs show negative correlation between the concentration of the sugar in the solution and the mass of the potato chip at the end of the experiment. It is clear from the graphs that osmosis has taken place.Potato For the potato cylinder put in water (0% sugar) the potatoes mass has increased 21.87% form 0.64 grams to 0.73 grams, this shows that because water has a higher water potential than the potato cylinder, water molecules have moved from the water into the potato causing its weight to increase. When this happens the cell becomes turgid (hard and swollen).For the potatoes in all the other solutions (1 molar, 0.5 molar, 1.5 molar and 2 molar) the mass of the potatoes decreased. This shows that water molecules have moved out of the potato cell into the sugar solutions. When a cell loses water in such a way the cell become flaccid, which is the opposite of turgid.Sweet potato For the sweet potato cylinder that was placed in water the mass increased as expected. Th is happened because water moved from the solution into the sweet potato.For all the other molarities, except the sweet potato placed in 0.5 molar solution, the changes were the same as for the potato. For the sweet potato placed in 0.5 molar solution the mass increased from 0.64 grams to 0.65 grams. There was a 0.01 gram increase in the mass of the sweet potato by the end of the experiment. This suggests that my prediction was correct I expected sweet potatoes to have a lower water potential than normal potatoes because they are sweet and therefore must have contain sugar. Hence for the sweet potato chips I predicted that at first the mass of the sweet potato will increase but, as the concentration of sugar in the solution increases past the isotonic point the mass of the potato cylinders will decrease. There was a 0.01 gram increase in the mass of the sweet potato by the end of the experiment. 0.01g is extremely close to 0g. On the graph, if you look at this point, it is clear tha t the hustle bar is in between 1.56% and 0%. If there had been a 0% change in mass, it would mean that a state of equilibrium had been reached. This is a point where the concentration of water inside the sweet potato cell is the same as the concentration of water in the solution which the sweet potato is in. my results imply that the reason the mass of the sweet potato in the 0.5 molar sugar solution increased in because the water potential of the sweet potato was slightly lower than that of the water. As a result water molecules moved in to the sweet potato cell. The sweet potato in 1.5 molar sugar solution decreased weight because the concentration of sugar in the solution had increased passed the isotonic point (equilibrium).ConclusionMy graphs show that osmosis has taken place. There was a negative correlation between the concentration of sugar in the solution and the mass of the potato or sweet potato cell at the end of the experiment. Over all the results that I obtained have answered my aim varying the concentration of the sugar does have an affect on the mass of the vegetable and the additional sugar in sweet potato does have an effect on its mass when compared with normal potatoes.With the results I have obtained I can conclude that the higher the concentration of sugar in the solution, the more mass the potato looses. The graph also shows that the opposite happened when the concentration of water in the solution is higher. So I can conclude this by saying the higher that concentration of water in the solution the more mass the potato gains. This applies for both the potato and sweet potato. However because of the additional sugar in the sweet potato, the mass of the sweet potato will only decrease after the concentration of sugar in the solution increases past the isotonic point (point of equilibrium).To make full sense of the conclusion, a recap on osmosis and the affect on cells are required. When there is a high concentration of water in the solu tion and a plant cell with low concentration of water into water, the water would move into the plant cell by osmosis. Osmosis is defined as the movement of water molecules through a semi- permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until a state of equilibrium is reached. Equilibrium is reached once enough water has moved to balance the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane. Osmosis occurs across a part permeable membrane whenever there is a difference between the water concentrations on the two sides of the membrane. When this happens to the cells they will either become turgid if water flows into them, or flaccid if water flows out of them.The results that I have obtained in this experiment support the prediction that I made using scientific theory and my preliminary experiment.EvaluationOverall I was please with the results that I gained as they agreed with what I have already learned about osmosis. I believe I have gained reliable results, which supports the scientific theory. After making changes to my main experiment from the preliminary experiment I go about no difficulties. The equipment that I used was suitable, I managed to collect adequate entropy and the investigation that I organised was effective, as can be seen from my results. I was able to get enough results to come to a strong and explanative conclusion. I believe that my results were reasonably accurate as I did the experiment 3 times and found that the repeated results were mostly very close together. With these results I was able to construct two, very accurate and informative graphs.My results were free from any major anomalies that did not fit the regular pattern. However there were one or two very minor anomalies that could have been caused by the followingSome limitations or experimental errors could have occurred during the investigation, which I did not pick up and could have led to some miscalculations in my results. The ma in limitation could have been the change in temperature of the room during the experiment. High temperatures could have modify the rate at which osmosis takes place. Another potential problem in the investigation may be tampering, as the investigation was carried out in a lab which is in constant use. This could have resulted in students playing with the apparatus, which could have affected the out come of my results. Also when drying the potato chips after the allotted time it was inevitable that they would have excess water on them, and so we dabbed them with physical composition towels to remove it. However, in doing this we could have removed water that was not excess, and altered our results.To make my investigation more reliable and accurate I could make some improvements. Firstly I could use a wider and more precise rage of sugar concentrations. If I did this I would have a wider range of results to work with so it would be more accurate and I would be able to come to a mo re secure conclusion. Another improvement I would make if repeating the experiment is to dry all the potato cylinders the same. I used paper towels to dry the potato cylinders, which caused variation between the potatoes as sum where dried more thorough and for longer than others which affects their mass, and those potato cylinders that have not been dried as much as others will have more excess water and therefore a greater mass. In the future I would develop a method to dry the potatoes in a way that is fair.Further investigations may be to investigate using lengths or shapes of potatoes, to see affect of osmosis upon them. I could do a comparative study, where I see the effects of osmosis on potatoes which have been altered to do specific breeding, e.g. grow in a hot climate, etc. I could do a study into surface area or the effects of temperature upon osmosis, to identify the best temperature in which osmosis occurs. I could also investigate the affects of osmosis on different ve getables such as aubergine, turnip, carrots.

An Indroduction Of The Philippines Economics Essay

An Indroduction Of The Philippines political rescue EssayThe Philippines is an island nation located in the Malay Archipelago in southeastward Asia. It has 7107 islands. And has a hail atomic spot 18a of 300000 squ ar kilometers.At the north perspective of Philippine the Taiwan is located. At the east side the Pacific Ocean, Indonesia and Malaysia at the south and South China Sea at the west.The capital city of Philippines is manila which is located in the island of Luzon at the northern part. The total cosmos of Philippines is 98 million. The climate of Philippines is tropical.The culture of Philippines is influenced by Spanish and Chinese. Most of the pile having excessively Spanish surnames. It has gener all toldy west European culture, people of Philippines atomic number 18 Christian. Islam is more(prenominal) popular in island of Mindanao.The Philippines has developing economy with agricultural and receipts sphere of influence base. The p all overty line is 40% it means 40% of the universe abide be misfortunate. The large trading partners of the Philippines are the US and Japan.Philippines is a p occupantial unitary re populace with the poccupier at the apex, as the boss of state, the head of administration and the commander in drumhead of the armed outcomes. He is elected by popular vote, every 6 favorable classs. Government policies are design to fire industrial development.1.1 ECONOMICAL ENVIRONMENT Economic purlieu of lineage has reference for sparing establishments to ope drift the communication channel. The business sectors also reach out sparing relations with govt, capital distinguishet, worldwide and households sector. It would affect the trends and formation of the economy. The out factors that influence with the following points.Economic Conditions -The sparing circumstances are inviolable in the country. Per capita income, theme income, allocation of income and assets, Economic resources, economic maturement etc are also affected to prepared the business stpacegies. Economic exploitation and business cycle are easily defined the economic environment.System -The economic system also impact on business endeavor. Economic system of a Philippines also considered socialist, capitalists, mixed or communist.Economic Policies -The government also decided ciphers, economic planning, economic industrial regulation, practice of law of business. Industrial guidelines to nurse on price and wages, great deal and transportation polices the size of national income, drive and supply of different merchandise.Economic harvest -The economic harvest-festival impacts the st sum upgies of business. It helps in rising the economic harvesting and expenses in consumption. It provides opportunities to the industries for the elabo regulateness.v. Currency Exchange - ongoing exchanges sire direct impact on the environment of business. The rupee was devaluate in1991. The Indian products cheaper in the wo rld market and boost affairings of India.ECONOMIC insure2.1 primitive national product of Philippines The porcine domestic product offshoot rate provides an aggregated measure of changes in value of goods and attend tos produced by an economy.The GDP increment rate of body politic from 1998 to 2012 is comely 1.08%. The domestic economy accelerated in the second run of 2012 to 5.9% from 3.6%. The earlier year boosting the first semester exploitation to 6.1% from 4.2%. The resilient Services sector remained the main driver of offset supported by the sustained growth of manufacturing and the return of construction.Philippines is a lately industrialized country in the southeast Asia. The most meaningant industries of Philippines are solid food processing, textiles and garments, automobile parts and electronics. Philippines have also treasury of chromites, nickel, copper, coal and newly dis privacyed oil.Philippines GDP fruit RateThis chart is all about the past infor mation for Philippines growth rate.Source http//www.nscb.gov.ph/sna/2012/2nd2012/2012qpr2.asp2.2 Per Capital Growth in Philippines In 2011, it was at 1.98% in field and it was published by human race Bank report in 2012. The Growth rate of GDP per capital depends on continuous local coin. The GDP Divided by Mid Year Population.The GDP of Purchasing bell is total of all resident products in economy (+) product revenue enhancementes (-) all subsidies which is non declare in value of the product. This is calculated without making deduction for depreciation of fictional assets. It includes a chronological chart, news and estimate for GDP. In Southeastern area of Philippines is newly industrialized country. Philippines Predicting food processing Textiles and Garment, electronic and automobile parts and also significant reserve of Chromate, Nickel, Copper, Coal and of late Discovered Oil.Source http//www.kedingeconomics.com/philippines/GDP.Per.Capitagrowth.Annual.Percentwb. en tropy.html2.3 PPP Philippines Philippine has long familiarity with public- common soldier partnership, initiatives and serves as future coronation with aggressive PPP promotion. The Government is to attract private partners to invest plainly in traditional infrastructure Projects like Power, Transportation and Water Sectors and in Non-Traditional Infrastructure similar to information and communions technology, health and property development.The coalition addressed in 1990s and it help out to improve alley net profitwork quality, transport linkages and social Services.Source http//www.ppp/gove.ph/2.4 International Reserve Countys beginning utter(a) global reserve is significantly increase up to US $79.3 gazillion in July.BSP Governor Amando Letangco said that opposed reserve were US $3.2 gazillion high schooler than GIR of US $76.1 Billion,The Level of GIR Increased in end of July, collectible to Foreign exchange operations. The gold of the Country are deposited in imm aterial currency. The Philippines acquire income from investment in a abroad country of the BSP and earn revolution on BSP gold holdings arising from increase in price of favourable in global Market.The Import of goods and payment of services and income adequately cover in 11.7 months and also corresponding 10.7 times. Philippines short end point outer debt establish on original maturity.Source http//www.sunstar.com.ph/breadkingnews/201208/ECONOMY OF PHILIPPINESPopulation 95.9 MillionGDP (PPP) $351.4Billion 6.1% growth in 2012 5.5% 5-year compound annual growth $4,700 per capitaUnemployment 7.3% splashiness (CPI) 3.60%FDI Inflow $1.7 million for 1st Half Quarter1 Peso 1.3134 Rupee and 0.0243 dollar markThe Philippines come ins 19thout of 41countries in the Asia Pacific region. And 44th the biggest economy on the earth. According to HSBC estimates. The crinkle market is one of the best performers in the region. The peso reached a 4 year high against the dollar about the same time.Economy has been on a solid path of economic expansion. The govt. has pursued a serial of governmental crystalises to increase the industrial environment and build up private sector for reduce unemployment. just regulatory efficiency has been non improved. And over last 5 year the economy has been develop at average annual rate of 5%.Rule of Law The rule of law is not on level and authorized structure is poor in independence and efficiency. The judiciary is independent but there is political interference. in that respect is some progress repayable to government anti subversive activity efforts to exit corruption and fix efficiently.Limited Government Government expenditure Spurs on 6.4% growth in 1st Quarter.TaxableIncomeTax Rateto a greater extent thanBut slight than0P10,0005%P10,000P30,000P500 + 10% of the purposeless over P10,000P30,000P70,000P2,500 + 15% of the Excess over P30,000P70,000P140,000P8,500 + 20% of the Excess over P70,000P140,000P250,000P22,500 + 25% of the Excess over P140,000P250,000P500,000P50,000 + 30% of the Excess over P250,000P500,000P125,000 + 32% of the Excess over P500,000 in 2000 and onwardCorporate tax revenue rate is 30% and Regional are taxed at 10% on taxable income. The bath an environmental tax with overall tax is 12.8% of total domestic income. If either taxpayer fail to pay VAT component in the sales nib or official receipts shall be penalized as Fine of not less then P1,000 but not more than P50,000 andSuffer detention of not less than 2 but not more than 10 years.Regulatory Efficiency The business regulatory environment has improved considerably. Although submission a business still takes more than the world averages of seven procedures and 30 days, the overall process has become less costly. The time and cost twisty in dealing with licensing requirements have been notably reduced. The labor market stiff structurally rigid, but existing regulations are not particularly burdensome. Inflation is modest.Open Market The apportion weighted average tariff rate is 4.8 percent, and layers of non-tariff barriers furtherinhibit more dynamic gains in trade. Despite a strong desire to attract longer-term remoteinvestment, systemic inefficiency exacerbated by ponderous bureaucracy discourages dynamicgrowth in investment. The fiscal sector, which is gradually modernizing, stay relativelystable and sound.http//www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2012/countries/philippines.pdfECONOMIC POLICIES4.1 financial constitutionThe internationalist Monetary Fund leave behind look into the countrys progress on the monetary and fiscal policy and assess the 2 year old Aquino administration by short staff visit which is commence. The most accurate forecasters tick off on that Monetary authorities are trying to control foreign investment in the Peso arguing that Asias best performing currency has strengthened too much.The economic momentum has built up from change magnitude of monetary policy may boost the country is growth in2012 is 5.8% and up to 7 % is 2013. And the govt.s success in containing the budget deficit has been given monetary authorities considered liberty. In 2011 the govt. incurred a budget deficit of 197.8 zillion which was less than two third of 2010.The size of economy in over consumption in 2011 comprised scarce 2% less than 3.5% recorded in2010. The debt stock of 2011 settled at P4.95% one thousand thousand or 50.9% of porcine domestic.http//business inquirer-net/49369/bsp-monetary-policy- pass judgmented-to-push-up-ph-economy4.2 Fiscal Policy The Philippines long term foreign currency credit pass judgment raised from BB to BB+. It kept grade view at stable.According to Presidential spokesman Ricky Carandang the Philippines can still submit to to undertake public spending without put in to danger its overall financial come out. And the govt. doesnt want a strong peso to delay fight of exports. The Philippines economy grew by 6.4% in 1st quarte r, it is one of the highest in Asia and ascending is a vote of authorisation for the country.According to finance secretary Cesar V Purisima, that this gives more confidence to continue with the work towards macroeconomic stability, fiscal sustainability and inclusive economic growth.http//www.philstar.com/Artical.aspx?article Id=824407 publication Sub Category Id=4.3 Deficit Policy The Financial Secretary Cesar Purisima said that the govt. spent P19.90 billion and the deficit was manageable, expressing, confidence the full year fund shortfall would staying in spite of appearance 2.6% of GDP or P279 billion.The govt. go on rise in revenue collections so that the fiscal position remains under control. So this wide fiscal space depart gives the advantage to finance infrastructure projects and social programs that curb meagerness and promote equality.Jan-May deficit P22.79 billion. The govt.s self imposed 1st half ceiling of P109.34 billion and it spent P668.43 billion in 1st fi ve month of year up 13.1% compared to last year. And revenues reached P645.64 billion.For May revenue grew 9.4% to 131.4 billion while spending reached P151.3 billion. Purisima said that the govt. is committed to reach its 5.6% growth in 2012 and recorded 6.4% expansion in 1st three month.The Philippines suffered a P 197.8 billion budget deficit last year which is equivalent to 2% of GDP.http//business-inquirer-net /67459/Philippine-budget-deficit-shoots-up4.4 Foreign throw Policy According to the Global Enabling Trade Report 2012, the rank of Philippines is 72nd out of 132 countries. It measured the factors, policies, services, areas of market access, border administration transport and communication infrastructure and business environment.In the area of market access the Philippines jumped 14 from 64 and in terms of efficiency of import-export procedure it looks 48 cope from 55. And access to trade inputs at competitive prices identifying potential market and buyers corruption at the border and other concerns it places 62 out of 132 countries.The trade chief attributed the countrys improvement in ranking to the debt of Trade and Industrys effort to facilitate trade across borders like the Doing business in Free Trade Areas an sentiency campaign has aimed to help stakeholders into understand new markets and instruments like free trade agreement.It reforms to improve the ease of doing business in country through the Philippines. business organisation Registry (PBR) and Business permits and license streamlining (BPLS) programs for local govt.http//businessinquirer-net/63369/Philippines-climbs-20-nitches-up-in-business-destination-ranking4.5 Balance of Payment The influx of foreign currency exceeded than the outflow in Feb and Philippines balance of payments hitting a surplus of $588 million.BOP is recorded of the countrys commercial transaction with the rest of world. It helps screech up the countrys total reserves of foreign exchange or gross internation al reserves (GIR).It stands at a record high of $78 billion.According to economist the unfavorable global economy that investors have movement to pull out funds from emerging markets like Philippines. So it manufacture depreciation pressures on local currencies. But with enough reserves of foreign exchange the Bangko Sentral ng philipines can buy pesos and reduce its depreciation and it leave hit a surplus of at last $2.8 billion by end of 2011.Due to increase in employment in US an economist said that it would lead to increase in penury for imported goods from Philippines.http//bus.inquirer.net/50127/bsp-balance-of-payment-stood-at-surplus-in-febGLOBAL INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICAL GOVERNMENT5.1 Import Philippines import were worth(predicate) 5101 million USD in June of 2002 until 2012,Philippines averaged imports 4155.20 million USD reaching an all time high of 5848.00 million USD in July of 2008 and low record of 2226.00 million USD in January of2002. Philippines imports in the main considered electronic products, mineral fuel, industrial machinery and equipment, transport equipment, lubricants, steel and iron. Mostly import partners are Japan, china, Singapore, South Korea, United States. Here we include the chart with diachronic data for Philippines import.Philippines Importshttp//www.tradingeconomics.com/philippines/importsExport Philippines exports were worth 4314 million USD in June of 2012. From 2002 until 2012, average export of Philippines 3681.10 million USD reaching an all time high of 5325.00 million USD in September of 2010 and record low of 2506.00 million USD in February of 2009. Major exporter of electronic products like processors, chips, and hard drives (more than 50% of total exports revenue) and other major exports include apparel and clothing accessories, wood crafts, coconut oil and furniture. Philippines major export partners are United States, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong, china. This page includes a chart with Philippines historic al data of Philippines exports.Philippines Exportshttp//www.tradingeconomics.com/philippines/exports5.2 Corporate Income Tax The domestic and foreign resident corporations income tax rate in Philippines is 30%, based on net taxable income. national company payable company tax on all income derived from sources right(prenominal) and indoors the Philippines. Foreign corporations, whether resident or non-resident are taxable on income derived from sources within the Philippines.Non resident foreign corporations are ,in certain circumstances, subject to a final withholding tax on passive (investment) incomes at judge higher(prenominal) than the applicable tax rates applying to domestic and foreign resident corporations. Resident companies are created or organized under the law of Philippines or foreign companies licensed to engage in business or trade in the Philippines.The corporate income tax rate for domestic and foreign resident corporations is 30%, income tax excluded from are dividend received from domestic corporations, interest on Philippines currency bank deposits and other monetary benefit from deposits substitutes and trust funds and arrangements and final taxes, interest income derived from the foreign currency deposits is include final tax of 7.5% ,other interest earned by domestic and foreign resident corporations is include 20% final withholding tax.Special economic inflects enterprises registered with economic tone authority are taxed at the rate of 5% on gross income in lieu of national and local taxes and real property tax. rough sales or gross revenue derived from the business activity within the Ecozens, sales returns, net of sales discount and allowances less the cost of sales or direct costs but before deduction do for expenses of administrative and losses during the taxable period.http//www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=226Itemid=347India2005-36.59 2006-33.66 2007-33.99 2008-33.992009-33.99 2010-33.99 20 11-32.44 2012-32.44The corporate tax rate is 32.445% .house servant companies tax rate is 30%, profits from life insurance business in India are taxed at the rat of 12.5%.foreign companies are taxed at the rate of 40%. A minimum alternate tax (MAT) is levied at 18.5% of familiarized profit of companies. The tax payable is less than 18.5% of book profits. Dividend distributed from domestic company. pawn and education cess is above taxes is applicable.5% surcharge in case of foreign companies is applicable. The total income is in excess of INR 10 million. Education cess of 3% is applicable on income tax plus surcharge wealth tax is imposed at a rate of 1% on the value of specified assets held by the tax payer in excess of basic exemption of INR13million.transaction tax of securities transactions in equity shares and units of equity oriented funds.http//www.kpmg.com/global/en/whatwedo/tax/tax-tools-and-resources/pages/corporate-tax-rates-table.aspxHOW ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF PHILIPPI NE AFFECTS INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS?The Philippines has for sure had a steady flow of positive economic news recently. On July 4, Standard Poors raised the countrys debt rating to just below investment grade, the highest rating for the country since 2003 and equivalent to that of Indonesia.The Philippines is the 44th-largest economy in the world today, according to HSBC estimates. But if current trends hold, it can leap to the No. 16 spot by 2050. The Philippine stock market, one of the best performers in the region, closed at a record high later the recent S. P. rating upgrade, and the countrys currency, the peso, reached a four-year high against the dollar at about the same time.With $70 billion in reserves and lower interest payments on its debt after recent credit rating upgrades, the Philippines pledged $1 billion to the International Monetary Fund to help shore up the struggling economies of Europe.The gross domestic product of the Philippines grew 6.4 percent in the first qu arter, according to the countrys central bank, outperforming all other growth rates in the region except Chinas. Economists expect similarly strong growth in the second quarter.We have do a very bold forecast for the Philippines, but I say justifiably so, said Frederic Neumann, a senior economist at HSBC in Hong Kong.A high population growth rate, long considered a obstacle to prosperity, is now often seen as a driving force for economic growth. About 61 percent of the population in the Philippines is of working age, amidst 15 and 64. That figure is expected to continue increasing, which is not the case for some(prenominal) of its Asiatic neighbors, whose populations are aging.6.1 Trade Economy The GDP per capita growth (annual %) in Philippines was last reported at 1.98 in 2011, according to a World Bank report published in 2012. Annual percentage growth rate of GDP per capita based on constant local currency. GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear popul ation. GDP at purchasers prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. This page includes a historical data chart, news and forecats for GDP per capita growth (annual %) in Philippines. Philippines is a newly industrialized country in the Southeastern Asia. The nations most important industries are food processing, textiles and garments, electronics and automobile parts. Philippines also has significant reserves of chromite, nickel, copper, coal and recently notice oil. In addition, the Philippians economy relies on remittances as a source of foreign currency.philippines gdp per capita growth annual percent wb data6.2 Domestic Price The Philippine domestic economy shrunk to 3.7 percent in 2011, after a stellar growth of 7.6 p ercent in 2010. Growth was mainly undermined by the severe state under spending as healthy as the frail external environment. Outlook for 2012 is relatively sanguine with the government hinging its optimism on robust consumer demand and a more vigorous public spending. However, downside risks to growth persist with the global recovery poised to remain belatedly and uncertain.2011 domestic economy tepid at 3.7%. The Philippine domestic economy grew by 3.7 percent in 2011, almost half of its 7.6 percent growth in 2010. The growth is within the latest forecasts of the National Economic and ripening say-so (3.6-4.0 %) and the International Monetary Fund (3.7%). However, the growth figure is good below that assumed by the Development Budget Coordination Committee (4.5-5.5%), Asian Development Bank (4.7%), and the World Bank (4.2%) and is significantly off the growth target of the Philippine Development Plan (7.0%). Notable is the countrys poor economic performance relative to its n eighbors. Except for Thailand, most Asian economies registered higher gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates than the Philippines in 2011.Gross national income (GNI)1 likewise slumped to 2.6 percent from 8.2 percent in 2010. This resulted from the significant contraction of net primary income (NPI),2 which slowed to a negative 0.9 percent, a turnaround from the 10.0 percent growth in 20106.3 Labor Force Unemployment down to 7%. The countrys labor force numbered at 61.9 million in 2011. Of this number, 2.8 million were unemployed registering an unemployment rate of 7.0 percent. Moreover, the service sectors share of total employment increased from 51.8 percent in 2010 to 52.1 percent. agriculture accounted for 33.0 percent of the employed while industrys share was 14.9 percent. Although the economy managed to generate more than one million jobs in 2011, the quality of employment is still a concern given the substantial increase in the underemployment rate as well as in the number of unpaid family workers. Latest data order of battleed that the underemployed numbered at 7.2 million6.4 Inflation Headline inflation is within target. Headline inflation averaged 4.8 percent in 2011, well within the 3.0-5.0 percent inflation target for 2011 but higher than the 3.8 average recorded in 2010. A rise in the prices of food items had been recorded mainly payable to the adverse effect of typhoons on agricultural food supplies. Core inflation,3 on the other hand, averaged 3.6 percentThe government is particularly bullish on having higher investments in 2012 as investment pledges registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority surged by 47 percent in the first two months of the year. The PSEis breaching of the 5,000 mark for the first time in March 2012 is also said to call well for the equities market.Likewise, private construction, particularly in the property subsector, is anticipated to remain robust given the upward momentum in office demand and investments in low-cost housing. Demand for commercial spaces will continue to be buoyed by the BPO sector, the revenues of which are slated to grow even further this year by 20 percent. The residential sector is also expected to receive continued support by the robust demand from families of overseas Filipinos. Consumer spending will similarly be sustained by the favorable inflation outlook and the continuous inflow.6.5 Unemployment Rate Unemployment means the number of people actively tone for a job divided by the labor force. Unemployment depends on the number of non-employed people who found the job and the people who lost their current job. Unemployment related to labour force, participation rate and employment rate.The unemployment rate of Philippines is 7.2 % which we can show that in the graph.6.6 Private Sector Development The stimulus package presented by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is known as the economic resiliency plan. The package included personalised income-tax relief for low- a nd middle-income earners, reduction in corporate income tax, higher social spending on cash transfers and job-creation schemes, as well as a serial publication of infrastructure projects. Although the reforms were not entirely new, the package led the Philippines to being acknowledged as Asias more socially responsible stimulus plans thanks to its focalisation on agriculture and social services that directly benefit the poor population. The fall in agricultural commodity prices helped support personal useable income. As a result personal household budgets were minimally effected. The social component in their reforms may be credited with the largest impact due to the focus on poverty.The Philippines must sustain the reform movement in order to spur investments, increase growth, generate higher employment, and alleviate poverty for the fast growing population. Their reforms have already generated 34 consecutive growth quarters, created 8 million jobs, and maintained the lowest infl ation in a generation. Most importantly poverty has decreased while revenue increased and has allowed the nation to invest in human and physical infrastructure. With sustained reform and their economic resiliency the Philippines may soon be a anchor investment opportunity in uncertain world economic and financial conditions.

Global Burden of E-Waste: Health and Environmental Impacts

orbicular Burden of E- devastate wellness and surroundal ImpactsIntroductionE- xerox or Waste Electrical and electronic Equipment (WEEE) is the term utilise to describe old, end-of-life or discarded appliances utilise electricity which includes computers, consumer electronics, fridges etc. that set out been disposed of by their original users (Lundgren 2012). unfortunately, this definition is one of many because in that mend is no standard definition of e-waste. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is soon the largest suppuration waste stream in the glob due to fast technology innovation, ever-shortening product lifespans and increase of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) consumption (Lundgren 2012). This growing has major health, milieual and economic impacts especially in developing countries. match to the United Nation Environment (UN environment), computers lifespan has decreased from six long time in 1997 to two years in 2005 in developed countries (un environment 2017).Widmer et al., 2005 estimated that e-waste constitutes 8% of the jibe municipal solid waste. In 2014, the total e-waste findd world(a) was estimated to be about 41.8 million tons (t) with about 3-5% annual increment rate (Bald et al. 2014). Out of this, only (15%) 6.5 million tons has been reported to be formally treated (Bald et al. 2014 Heacock et al. 2016). Up to 80% of the e-waste that sent for cycle in developed countries are illegally transported to developing countries mainly in Africa, and Asia (Strategic set about to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) 2009). Countries much(prenominal) as US, Japan, mainland China, India, and countries from the European Union are the main sources of e-waste (Bald et al. 2014). Unfortunately, most of developing countries receiving e-waste are not technologically fit out and usually use simple crazy methods for recycling (Lundgren 2012). Accordingly, peoples health and environment in these developing countri es are jeopardized (metalworker et al. 2006 SAICM 2009).RecyclingE-waste contains up to 60 distinct valuable metals that devote been estimated to be equal to 48 billion (Bald et al. 2014 Namias 2013). BullionStreet (2012) say that electronic industry consumes about 320 t of gold and 7500 t of fluent every year and mining of e-waste could generate $21 billion for each one year. About 40% of this profits comes from in the printed circuit board that grant a dominance drop revenue of 21,200/t, while it is only form 3-6% of the total e-waste generated worldwide every year (Golev et al. 2016). At the selfsame(prenominal) time, e-waste shadow generate more amount of metals comparing to the conventional mining operations using the same amount of power in both ways (Namias 2013). Also, Studies have revealed that the worldwide ore grade are decreasing and mines are forced to show up more complex and fine-grained ore deposits to meet the globular metal postulate (Lbre and Corder 2015).According to the electronics takeback coalition (2014), recycling 1 million cell phones sack recover about 24 kg (50 lb) of gold, 250 kg (550 lb) of silver, 9 kg (20 lb) of palladium, and more than 9,000 kg (20,000 lb) of copper. Nonetheless, the run of mine ore needed to produce the same amount of metal is 10-160 times more than that of the waste mobile phones. Beside speech money, recycling can provide the same amount of metal with hard less power intake compared to mine ore (Cui and Forssberg 2003). Consequently, it will lead prodigious reduction in the volume of gas emission due to sunrise(prenominal) metal production.Economic OutcomeForm economic standpoint, plays an important betrothal role in the recycling sectors of some low and middle-income countries such as China, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Ghana, and Nigeria (Lundgren 2012 plan des Nations Unies pour lenvironnement 2011). For example, In Guiyu, China, the largest informal e-waste recycling location in the wo rld, e-waste recycling provides jobs to almost 100,000 people as e-waste recyclers (Heacock et al. 2016 Lundgren 2012). With the similar throughput, 300-600 raw(a) treatment facilities will have to be developed in China to deal with the total generated e-waste from 2020 to 2030 that can potentially provide jobs to 30,000 people (Zeng et al. 2016). health and Environmental ImpactsDespite the economic benefits from recycling, e-waste process has raised alarming environmental and health issues specially in developing countries. Where e-waste recycling sector is unregulated and unaccountable collecting, processing, and redistributing tends to be performed by workers at temporary sites, residences, crude workshops, and clear public spaces. Informal recycling areas usually inhabited by scummy people with scarce job possibilities and their main concern is feed themselves and their families this prime concern predominates that for personal health and safety (The Lancet 2013). Recycling without resistance exposes workers to many hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel note, and lead (Lundgren 2012). The incineration of these chemicals release compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), poly-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/ Fs) gases that effect soil, atmosphere, and water (Hossain et al. 2015).The hazard from e-waste processing not only threatens operator health, but also, puts the health of people breathing near and next generations living in the surrounding areas in jeopardy (Liu et al. 2009).Toxins preoccupation and effects vary based on type and quantity of e-waste, aloofness of mental picture, methods processing, and physiological vulnerability, especially in pregnant women and children (Grant et al. 2013). People exposed to hazardous substances in e-waste through multiple routes, including food, water, air, and soil ( Norman et al. 2013). There is utmost cumulative in the area where informal recycling locations have functioned for more than a decade (subgenus Chen et al. 2011). The impact of the hazardous substances from e-waste can spread beyond processing sites and into ecosystems (Seplveda et al. 2010 Zhang et al. 2010). For example, rice and dust samples collected from homes close to e-waste settings had almost double the utmost permissible concentrations of lead, cadmium, and copper (Zheng et al. 2013).An exposure of contaminated food such as rice sum inhaling lead through house dust situates children to high risk of neurotoxicity and adverse exploitational effects (Zheng et al. 2013). Studies have linked exposure to such toxins with increases in spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, premature births, reduced birthweights, and birth lengths events (Liu et al. 2009 Wu et al. 2011 Wu et al. 2012). Also, animal(prenominal) growth indicators, such as weight, height, and body-mass index, were significantly lower in children living in the e-waste recycling town of Guiyu than in those living in the mesh area Liangying (Zheng et al. 2013).Environmentally, as mentioned earler, disposal of these chemicals/metals in landfills or by incinerating them can produce harmful effects to the environment (Heacock et al. 2016). The amount of cadmium exists in a cell phone battery have a potential to pollute 600m3 of water (Garlapati 2016). For example, the concentration of metals such as lead, copper and nickel that found in the discharge channel near Guiyu to Nanyang passage and Chendiandian to Guiyu road in China were 400-600 times higher than that is expected from uncontaminated river sediments (Brigden et al. 2005). same results were obtained from formal recycling sites with elevated content of nickel, copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in Philippines (Yoshida et al. 2016).To conclude, the elevated level of hazard of e-waste show the importance of proper recycling techniques and saf er recycling facilities that can reduce the risks related to the environmental and public health and safety issues. Also, future studies needed to assess the direct and indirect health cost of informal e-waste recycling, health and environmental impacts of the formal e-waste treatment.ReferencesBald C, Wang F, Kuehr R, Huisman J. 2014. The global e-waste monitor. UNU-IAS Bonn, Germany.Brigden K, Labunska I, Santillo D, Allsopp M. 2005. Recycling of electronic wastes in china and india Workplace and environmental contamination. Greenpeace International, Amsterdam.Chen A, Dietrich KN, Huo X, Ho S. 2011. growingal neurotoxicants in e-waste An emerging health concern. Environ Health Perspect 119(4)431.Cui J, Forssberg E. 2003. Mechanical recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment A review. J Hazard Mater 99(3)243-263.Garlapati VK. 2016. E-waste in india and developed countries Management, recycling, business and biotechnological initiatives. Renewable and sustainable Energy R eviews 54874-881.Golev A, Schmeda-Lopez DR, Smart SK, Corder GD, McFarland EW. 2016. Where next on e-waste in australia? Waste Manage 58348-358.Grant K, Goldizen FC, clever PD, Brune M, Neira M, van den crisphead lettuce M et al. 2013. Health consequences of exposure to e-waste A systematic review. The Lancet planetary Health 1(6)e350-e361.Heacock M, Kelly CB, Asante KA, Birnbaum LS, Bergman AL, Brune MN et al. 2016. E-waste and harm to vulnerable populations A growing global problem. Environ Health Perspect 124(5)550-555 doi 10.1289/ehp.1509699 doi.Hossain MS, Al-Hamadani SM, Rahman MT. 2015. E-waste A challenge for sustainable development. diary of Health and Pollution 5(9)3-11.Lbre , Corder G. 2015. Integrating industrial ecology view into the management of mining waste. Resources 4(4)765-786.Liu Q, Cao J, Li KQ, Miao XH, Li G, Fan FY et al. 2009. Chromosomal aberrations and desoxyribonucleic acid damage in human populations exposed to the processing of electronics waste. En vironmental accomplishment and Pollution Research 16(3)329-338.Lundgren K. 2012. The global impact of e-waste Addressing the challenge. .Namias J. 2013. The future of electronic waste recycling in the United States obstacles and domestic solutions.Norman RE, Carpenter DO, Scott J, Brune MN, Sly PD. 2013. Environmental exposures An underrecognized contribution to noncommunicable diseases. Rev Environ Health 28(1)59-65.Programme des Nations Unies pour lenvironnement. 2011. Towards a Green Economy Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. United Nations Environment Programme.Seplveda A, Schluep M, Renaud FG, Streicher M, Kuehr R, Hagelken C et al. 2010. A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling Examples from china and india. Environ Impact Assess Rev 30(1)28-41.Smith T, Sonnenfeld DA, Pellow DN. 2006. Challenging the Chip Labor Rights and Environmental Justice in the Glo bal Electronics Industry. Temple University Press.Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM). 2009. Background info in relation to the emerging policy issue of electronic waste. , Geneva.The Lancet. 2013. Electronic waste-time to take stock. The Lancet 381(9885)2223 doi http//dx.doi.org.library1.unmc.edu2048/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61465-8.Web.unep.org. March, 2017. E-Waste Management Global Partnership on Waste Management. http//web.unep.org/gpwm/what-we-do/e-waste-management ed. .Wu K, Xu X, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. 2011. In utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and reduced neonatal physiological development from guiyu, china. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(8)2141-2147.Wu K, Xu X, Peng L, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. 2012. Association between maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from electronic waste recycling and neonatal health outcomes. Environ Int 481-8.Yoshida A, Terazono A, Ballesteros FC, Nguyen D, Sukandar S, Kojima M et al. 2016. E-waste recycling processes in indonesia, the philippines, and vietnam A case study of cathode ray tubing TVs and monitors. Resour Conserv Recycling 10648-58.Zeng X, Gong R, Chen W, Li J. 2016. Uncovering the recycling potential of New WEEE in china. Environ Sci Technol 50(3)1347-1358.Zhang X, Luo X, Liu H, Yu L, Chen S, Mai B. 2010. Bioaccumulation of several brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in confederation china Associated with trophic level and diet sources. Environ Sci Technol 45(2)400-405.Zheng J, Chen K, Yan X, Chen S, Hu G, Peng X et al. 2013. non-buoyant metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in south china and the potential risk to human health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 96205-212.

Heroic Archetypes in Film: Symbolism and Adaption

Heroic Archetypes in Film symbolic repre moveationic representation and AdaptionCarl Jung (1939) described the personal unconscious mind as containing personal memories and ideas of the individual, and the collective unconscious the sh atomic number 18d ideas, and memories humanity, these sh bed memories and ideas emerge as themes and chip inresss, which Jung termed archetypes or Primordial Images. Joseph Campbell (1949) evolved these ideas creating the gun for hires move or monomyth. Campbells work in narratology and comparative mythology showed the use of for the first time precedents engage patterns we any unconsciously respond to in similar ways to a conscious level.The term archetype can be applied to images, themes, symbols, ideas and char exploiter types (Jung, 1969).This essay leave focus on the symbolism and adaption of Heroic archetypes in film examining the themes of Jung and Campbell and at that place portal over time, focusing in on how specific intimateity s are represented.The Architypes are present in our earliest images and motifs, provided Greek and roman mythology focuses largely on the hero with characters ilk Hercules compete the main role in their stories. These myths provide a clear sum of Jung and Campbells theories creating get in touchions with the hero, their quest and the many archetypal characters they allow interact with along their journey. These methodologies s slit repeatedly been adapted and are portrayed in the most(prenominal) made film franchises of the last sixty years. It is done the exploration of these franchises that I will examine the act of twain virile and fe manlike Hero Architypes.Jung (1969) believed archetypal themes impress, influence and fascinate our ego, invoking deep and intense emotional responses. If Jungs theories are cover the repeated portrayal of manlike dominance on screen has the authorization to impact the most important and central architype of the psychic, the self, a representation of unity and congeries, a unification of the conscious and unconscious mind (Jung, 1969).Jung (Stevens, 1990) emphasised the richness of non assuming the symbolic meaning of a potent or fe mannish character he believed it is off the beaten track(predicate) more important to grapple the characteristics and context of these symbols, establishing if you are dealing with the Animus or Anima, abstract symbol sets that formulate the archetype of the Self. Nevery male nor feminine they are a representation of the mannish and feminine aspects of the psychicDr. Stacy Smith (2014) realised the contain gender preconceived idea without borders this study looked at 120 films in the most influential films. The firmness of purposes of this study showed that 23.3 percent of contribute or co star topology roles in film are egg-producing(prenominal). These figures were mirrored off screen presentation that 20.5 percent of filmmakers were female. The results also showed when a film was created by a female, either in directing or writing there was an increase of lead females and the quality of their portrayal on screen.It is clear from these results that there is an issue of gender imbalance on screen. This imbalance could be explained by linking butt to Jungs hypothesis (1969), that architypes can influence our physic and comparing this to a statework forcet by Campbell (2004) All of the great mythologies and much of the mythic story-telling of the world are from the male point of view. If all of our great mythologies are from the male point of view, it could be argued that this repeated influence has led to an over attach custodyt to the use of masculine nil in the portrayal of power, Smith (2004) alludes to this stating This explanation reflects the old age, spell what you k straight.To explore these theories, this essay will focus on two of the most successful films featuring female relay transmitters. The first unknown quantity is written from the male perspective. The southward Hunger games, is written from the female perspective. These films will be compared first to exertion to find a link between writer and character and guerrilla to explore the possible future portrayal of heroes.AlienRidley Scotts Ripley is commonly utilize as a reference to a positivist portrayal of a female hero, appearing on screen as the main protagonist of 1979 film Alien. Ripley however was originally created as male. In an interview with imperium magazine (2012) Ridley Scott explains the reasoning behind his female adaption stating She would be the last adept you would think to survive, shes beautiful This statement gives credence to the idea of the feminine in Alien being used to display weakness.Alien is widely cognize as the movie in which all sexual analyses have about basis. In the Alien saga (2002) Dan OBannon explains that sexual imagery was wielded as a tool to unsettle the audience stating One thing that muckle are al l disturbed about is sex. Everybodys always all in a cognise about sex. I s avail thats how Im going to onset the audience. Im going to fervidness them sexuallyEllen Ripley, is played by Sigourney Weaver , she fights once morest two antagonists, the first an outlander creature that arousely dawns both male and female reproductive organs, part the second antagonist, modify, an mechanical man possess no reproductive organs though he is portrayed as a male character. This mix of genders and sexual symbolism makes this film an interesting tool for the exploration of gender bias and architypes.The first base to the cast of this film is representative of the accepting of a child. The work party rest in hyperbolic domiciliates shaped like basinets. These chambers are set in a circular pattern at the core of this circle is a locking mechanism, controlled by have, the moves navigator. As mother awakens the clump the room is flooded with light.This sequence of images could be fitful as a representation of the Self-Architype and its symbolic circular image (Jung, 1978). The crew, placed in the circle could be seen as the re nascenceing and unification of the psychic as it prepares to deal with the path ahead (Henderson 1963).We then see the crew in their ordinary world eating breakfast. The crew are habituated their bring forward to adventure when mother informs has awoken them due a manoeuvre received from a derelict ship. Many of the crew Refuse the call believing this signal could be a warning.Mother performing as the supernatural embolden knows the true(p) reason for sending them on this questOnce the crew being to explore their environment as H.R Gigers sexual Imagery becomes clear. The crew approach the on the fence(p)ings of the Alien ship, which Giger (2011) admittedly designed to resemble the vaginal entrance. They crabby the sceptre and enter.The crew enter the control heart and soul of the ship, in the centre of this chamber sits a l arge phallic protrusion inside sits an outsider pilot. The placement of this phallic symbol is particularly interesting as the first sexual representation of masculine energy (Fink, 2004) it is depicted in a place of power and control.The crew comes across a derelict chamber resembling the womb or Belly of the whale which holds a large clod of eggs, one of the crew is attacked by a face hugger and rushed back to the ship. Ripley refuses to allow the face hugger, now attached to a crew member, onto the ship. Ash, Ripleys male counterpart dismisses her command and opens the ship doors.Ash determines that the deliver Hugger is holding Kane awake(p) via the penetrative insertion of a proboscis to his throat according to Bannon (2002) this was a deliberate representation of male oral rape .Im going to attack them sexually Im going to put in every image I can think of that I know will make the men in the audience cross their legs, Homosexual oral rape. Dan O Bannon This act is an intriguing aspect in regards to gender, on one side men are made as vulnerable a women, but on the opposing side this penetrative act gives dominant power to the masculine energy of the Alien (Dworkin , 1987 ) .Later the corpse of the face hugger is discovered, Ripley does not extremity the corpse examined but again Ash ignores her command. In this examination the Face huggers underbelly is shown, now in a submissive positon its proboscis is forswear exposing a representation of the female genitalia.The crew are united again for a meal and enter the way of trials as a phallic shaped Chest Burster is birthed from a crewmate. Bannon (2002) stated that his use of birth in this scene was designed to create discomfort in male viewers, however his process of using a female act to add vulnerability to a male character could be perceived as weakening the feminine.Ripley Later learns the secret kept by Mother and Ash in her meeting with the goddess The Weyland Yutani Corporations true mis sion is to collect alien specimens acting as the Temptress they view the crew as expendable.Ripley Confronts Ash, in a classic Attornment of the Father scene. The confrontation becomes aggressive. Ash is exposed as an android becoming the Shape Shifter Architype he overpowers Ripley, rolls up a clutch of papers into a phallic shape and forces them down Ripleys Throat , this adds to alter of Masculine energy and weakling of the feminine. Ripley is saved by a male crew mate. She reconstructs Ash, entering the Apotheosis stage she gains information from him. Ripley realises their ship mustiness be destroyed for the crew to escape with their lives the ultimate boon.The remaining crew are destroyed Ripley the sole survivor enters the Magical Fight with the Alien as she tries to make her way to an escape pod before the ship self-destructs. Ripley reaches the escape pod, standing now as a powerful hero she begins to undress, she then bends over in a pose that resembles an animistic dis play of submission, this scene could be interpreted as a remotion of Ripleys power (Fazio, 1986)Ripley realises the alien on-board the escape pod, earning the Freedom to live she rejects the alien into space. Re-entering hibernation, Ripley is shown in the fetal position this could suggest her return to the womb to be rebirthed as a new character. (Jung, 1978)The Hunger Games The Hunger game is a apprehension fiction novel written by Suzanne Collins, this novel was adapted into a series of films under the same name. This story follows Katniss Everdeen as she embarks on Campbells Heros journey.We are first introduced to The Ordinary demesne , ruled by chairwoman puff the archetypical Old King. This kings dominance is depicted in the cultural determine of this society. Split in two classes the frown districts, shown to be inhabited by a struggling class of humble and moral people and the capital, Snows domain, lavished in decadence and modernity.Snow rules though intimidation an d manipulation. The soulless genius of The metropolis is highlighted by its unwavering support of The Hunger Games.These games are cruel and violent, created by Snow, they point to the absence of the Queen archetype. Snow rules alone, he is purely masculine, abstracted in totality, with no feminine counterpart. This absence of feminine qualities leaves the people certified as according to Jung (1995) permanent loss of the anima, means a decay of vitality of flexibility and of human kindness. The capitol is surrounded by the Lower districts these districts are forced to participate in The Hunger Games, sacrificing one male and female tribute. To survive these tributes must garner sponsorship, typically from the people of the capital. They must ex salmagundi themselves by fulfilling the desires of their captors.Katniss Everdeen is the protagonist of this story her very name draws associations to her character type. true cat an association of the feminine power (Fontana, 1993) sl eek, and cunning and evergreen, symbolising natural sustenance the nourishing soil of the soul (Sabini, 2002). Katniss is a young woman, innocent and open she exhibits feminine energy. In her first introduction she appears trusting and humble, unlike the touch raped and soulless society. The feminine side of Katniss could represent the potentiality birth of the new generation, placing her in the role of potential Queen.Katniss also exhibits masculine energy she shows courage in The Hunger Games while exhibiting physical attributes strength and focuses to reign her sill with a bow, a s eliminate she learned to provide for and protect her family. This masculine energy also highlights her ability to fulfil the role of King.Katniss is reminiscent of Artemis, the Greek Goddess, skilled with a bow, strong, nurturing, protective and connected to nature (DEste, 2005). Our first introduction to Katniss shows her hunting a deer, a symbol commonly liked to the portrayal of Artemis.This mix of feminine and masculine energy leads to a potentially interesting dynamic. It could be said that Panem does not merely need a female leader, but a unified one, both male and female, mother and father.Katniss is born(p) in the twelfth district, xii in Gematria, is a representation of totality (Dennis, 2007), a symbol of synergy between the anima and animus (Jung, 1969).This coal miner district is also similar in design to Nazareth, the domain of Jesus. She understands through her experiences the darkness minorities face under the rule of Panem. Archetypically this could be linked to Judeo-Christian tradition and the tale of Job seeing the dark side of God. (Jung 1969) When in the capital Katniss is a link back to nature, the light in the dark, a place to be purified, embodying what Jung called the the two million-year-old man within.Katniss receives her Call to Adventure when her sis is chosen as tribute. She displays warmth and reason, sacrificing herself to free her. This s ymbol of courage is the form of what Jesus believed is needed in a world filled with difficulties she is as shrewd as serpents and as innocent as doves. (Matthew 1016)Katniss Crosses the threshold as she boards a train to take her to the capital. She is visibly disturbed by the opulence in front of her which starkly contrasts the modest home she is going behind.According to Campbell (1949) every hero needs allies Katniss is no exception to his rule. Traditionally these allies are unexpected with a unique understanding of the world. It is in his fashion that Katniss meets her literal and archetypal Mentor the drunken Haymitch Abernathy. Katniss before long learns that the Haymitchs battle with alcoholism and disconnected nature is a direct result of his assimilation into the society of the capital, a soulful man in a soulless world , forced to train tributes who will be sent to their death .As Haymitch begins to train Katniss he begins to notice the unique nature of her personally , this is where he transforms into the archetypal mentor teaching Katniss the importance of presentation and cater to the whims of the sponsors.Early in the story we are shown that Katniss does not view her mother in the archetypical sense, it is only when she arrives at the capital that we are introduced to the true Mother Architype, the anima to Haymitchs animus and a symbol of societal oppression, the African American male, Cinna.Cinnas introduction marks the entry to Campbells Tests, Allies and Enemies stage of the Monomyth (1949). Cinna is a polished and nurturing character, wielding his knowledge in beauty, grace and sensuous flare he, along with Haymitch, trains Katniss, who now captivates the Capital. Cinnas techniques to transform Katniss are very similar to that of Cinderellas Fairy Godmother. He does not change Katniss he instead reflects her inner self and beauty to the audience. Cinna supports and balances Katniss keeping her grounded and disconnected from the temptat ions and power of the capital. Cinna offers her a symbol of comfort, her Mocking Jay pin, as she enters The cozy Most Cave , the arena.When Katniss enters the games she acquires a young ally Rue The detached Child.Rues entry to the story marks the beginning of The Ordeal as she directs Katniss to the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant nest she uses against her attackers. Rue is an African American girl, from the agricultural district district eleven. Rue could be seen as a representation of slavery and racism in Panem. Despite the attempts of Katniss to protect the child, she soon becomes The Sacrifice, used to empathetically connect the twelve districts.After the death of her friend the game makers change the rules, stating that there may be two victors of the games, as long as they both come from the same district. Katniss seeks out Peeta her fellow tribute from district twelve and soon makes a new ally. Earlier in the story we were shown Katniss and Peeta rearing together, but she suspected, to save himself, he had turned against her. Peeta is redeemed when he suggests a group of competitors wait her out rather than climbing a direct to kill her. Peeta like Katniss is an interesting mix of feminine and masculine energy, he is strong but does not wish fight, instead he chooses for bedim from his competitors. Peeta decorates cakes for a living, this shows his delicate side, but he is also stubborn, insisting the games will not change who he is.Peeta confesses his love for Katniss he is injured and fetching on the role of Damsel in Distress requires her aid. Katniss is now approach with a moral dilemma the audience views the pair as the Shakespearean Star crossed lovers. Katniss deceives the audience and goes along with this charade to receive aid from the sponsors. Meanwhile her true love, Gale, who name suggests a well-developed anima, is waiting and watching these events circulate from district twelve. This is a difficult decision and turning point for Katniss she manipulates the people to get what she needs, a very masculine move, more suited to President Snow. This arguably is a skill needed in a potential leader.Katniss retrieves medicine and Peeta is healed now their only competitor left in the arena is Cato. It is in this final confrontation that we see Katniss Seizing the blade as she knocks Cato into a pack of creatures and Receives her reward leaving Katniss and Peeta as the victors, at least for a short time. The game makers suddenly change the rules forcing Katniss into The Road Back. There can be only one victor of the hurt games. Peeta offers himself as a sacrifice but Katniss refuses. She shows her cunning side as she enters the resurrection stage of the Monomyth. Katniss decides they will both consume poison berries this act would kill both competitors leaving the games with no victor. As Katniss predicts the rules are changed again, both competitors win the games.Peeta and Katniss will now live a life of luxury t his could be seen as The Return with the Elixer, but the elixir in this story is far more important. Katniss has openly defied President Snow becoming an example to the lower districts. This act could lead to a rebellion. The true elixir of this journey is given to the lower classes at the moment of her victory, hope.Characters like Katniss Everdeen have the potential to change the assumed characteristics of the hero architypes, but this type of portrayal is still an singular occurrence, is that occurrence due to a misunderstanding of the hero architype or an boilersuit issue of gender imbalance in media.This character could be gull Jungs substitution class shift and what he believed would be the necessary emergence of positive archetypal feminine energies (Rowland, 2009), a true female hero.RefrencesJung, Carl and Dell, S.M. (1939). The Integration of the disposition (English translation). New York Farrar Rinehart.Joseph Campbell in The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949),Collec ted kit and caboodle of C.G. Jung. Routledge. Retrieved 2014-01-19.Jung quoted in Anthony Stevens On Jung (London 1990) p. 206Gender Bias without Borders. shared by UNWomen on Sep 22, 2014 An investigation of female characters in popular films across 11 countries.Sep 22, 2014Joseph Campbell, Pathways to Bliss Mythology and Personal Transformation, Edited by David Kudler. Novato, California New World Library, 2004, pp. 145, 159.The Alien saga 2002 special editonC. G. Jung ed., Man and his Symbols (London 1978) p. 120The Wisdom of the Serpent, retain by Joseph L. Henderson and Maud Oakes ,Originally published 1963Lacan to the Letter,April 14, 2004 by Bruce Fink (Author) p 169Intercourse is a 1987 agree by Andrea Dworkinon the Automatic Activation of Attitudes (1986) Russell H.Fazio, David M. Sanbonmatsu, Martha C. Powell, and Frank R. KardesC.G. Jungs Complex kinetics and the Clnical Relationship One Map for Mystery p 55 Brenda A. Donahue , Charles C Thomas Publisher, 2003 Psycho logy 287 pagesThe Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious By Carl Gustav Jung Page 4 1995P1 Meredith Sabini 2002The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism Second Edition Book by Geoffrey W. Dennis 2007Journal of Analytical Psychology,2009, 54 ,697-715 Ghost and self Jungs paradigm shiftand a response to Zinkin , Susan Rowland,London

Adidas and Reebok Marketing Communication Strategies

Adidas and Reebok Marketing Communication StrategiesIntroductionThis reported is rendered with innovation to fall would the comparison in the commercializeing intercourse strategies and mix adopted by the tog discolorations Adidas and Reebok. The dual nocks argon functioning in a non-monopolistic serviceman-wide foodstuff environment which im produces the need to be grocery storeplace savvy and originative on the part of the profession halls such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Adidas, Reebok and many different established dirts to not only retain their existing merchandise component plainly also grow into youthful securities industry on a local, groundal and international plane. There is a pre-existing need to castrate strategies in context to determine, advertising, fruit lines, proceeds quality and commercialiseing communication strategies. Failure to do so on the part of the melodic line line houses could adversely affect the sales of the product and le ad the company and the product to an unwanted state of declination.The fact cannot be denied that the acrobatic shoe de multifariousnessity market has been emerging to be extremely matched and a few distinguish names such as Adidas, Reebok, Nike, Puma contribute successfully captured indis moveable market surgical incisions. These crisscrosss recognise the need to retain their market position and body of work towards market yield in the process. Adidas and Reebok, for the sake of exemplification have prove the fact that besides noble quality products, a correct market communication strategy and mix is vital for survival and simultaneous growth in a market which is constantly driven by a agonistic atmosphere.I intent to utilize the following techniques to present a comparative analysis on the strategies adopted by Adidas and Reebok primary investigateConsumers would be interviewed and info compi guide would be analyzed and inferences would be drawn on that basis.Secon dary ResearchSecondary Research would be gathering, analysing and segregation of data from websites, occupancy journals and books.Business Analytical Tools S.W.O.T. Analysis, Marketing MixMarket and literature ReviewAdidasThe German National Adolp Dassler could be credited with the creation of the phenomenal brand Adidas. His nickname Adi and the first syllable of his last name Das put together created the brand name Adidas. History states that Adolf was a shoe rabid who spent several hours in his workshop designing raiment with intent to perfect it and to surpass anyone in this line of work. His dedication towards his cause light-emitting diode to the creation of this brand which in todays day and age is the second scoop issue world(a) athletic shoe brand commanding a market position of 33% internationally after Nike.This brand came in to public eye with the 1926 Olympic Games wherein the sport star of the Games Jesse Owens wore Adidas shoes which per varianting at the Olymp ics. This led to instant recognition of this brand and soon the sales was reported to have gained massive momentum. The Olympic Games was the well-nigh crucial turning point in the muniment of the brand Adidas. From then on, Adidas, the Business house has been essentially sponsoring world(a) Sports Events, Olympic Games and many such events and has amassed mass popularity for their product lines. This strategy of the system has helped the brand gain colossal worldwide media coverage for their product lines and the sales have been reported to grow in continuity.Zidane, Beckham and Kaka be the celebrities who wear Adidas shoes while performing at the games. The dual effect of superior media coverage and the celebrity wearing Adidas creates a celebrity of sorts of the shoe brand Adidas. today celebrity soccer players such as Kaka, Zinedine Zidane, David Beckham and many more are organism sponsored by Adidas.Adidas has been successfully in existence for around 80 years univers e an integral part of the sports world providing hi-tech sports footgear, accessories and vestments. At the moment the business house takes reserve in commanding a world position in the athletic shoe brand market. Adidas products specially shoes are sold all over the globe being available in al around every country of the world with ternary retail outlet wooing the consumers proving the fact that the business house has cut a distinctive niche for itself in the world-wide market.Adidas has graduated from a small workshop in a little know German village to a world renowned global enterprise. (http//www.adidas-group.com/en/ourgroup/history/history.aspx)The distinctive logo it possesses and the catchy advertising slogan Impossible is nada further consolidates the brand image and popularity.ReebokReeboks United Kingdom-based ancestor company was started get by dint of to cater to one staple fiber need which was to help athletes run with hie of lightning. Joseph William Foster in 1890s created one of the first known political campaign shoes with spikes in them. By the period of 1895, Foster was in business handmade shoes by hand for the countrys top runners and not sooner much time his fledgling company, J.W. Foster and Sons, created success by ply to an international customer of highly known athletes. The family-owned business house with pride created the course shoes which were used by athletes in the 1924 Summer Games notable in the film Chariots of Fire.In 1958, Fosters grandsons commenced a companion company that was christened by them as Reebok, named for an African gazelle. In 1979, Paul Fireman, who was a partner in an outdoor sporting costlys distributorship, noticed Reebok shoes at an international transaction presentation. Later on, he went on to negotiate for the North American statistical distribution license and made a grand introduction of three running shoes in the U.S. that year. At the selling set of $60, Reebok was the most hi gh-priced running shoes on the market.Currently, Reebok International is a highly pronounced player in the sports and fitness products market, with a particular emphasis on footwear. Its prime strengths lied in its size and massive brand awareness. plot of ground athletic shoes are clearly its core products, concerns are being brought up over its comparative lack of interest in the associated athletic apparel market, which is over double the dimensions of the footwear global market. (http//bostonjobsource.com/reebok.html)MethodologyThe methodological analysis to execute this report successfully was primary and secondary method techniques.Primary method comprised of Consumer poll wherein a set of questions was asked to consumers of athletic shoes for their responses. The questionnaire comprised 10 questions based Reebok and Adidas drafted to draw answers which facilitated a comparative analysisWhile carrying out the secondary research, books and websites and learning modules were s tudied and comprehended.Employing the primary and secondary research techniques data compilation and analysis was carried out to draw inferences.http//media.katu.com/images/060124adidas_reebok.jpgAnalysis and Discussion philia Competencies (Jobber 2004)Adidas Core Competencies Technology Customer digest Brand recognition furnish chain Collaboratively competitiveReebok Core Competencies Trend Identification Ability to market to a niche segment Womens shoe design Design expertise Celebrity relationshipsS.W.O.T Analysis (Belch 2004)A S.W.O.T Analysis in conducted of a business house helps us in understanding the strengths of the organization, the weaknesses it is confronted with, the opportunities the organization could avail of and the threats which present harm its growth, diversification and existence.AdidasReebokStrengthThe prime strength of the organization is its 8 decades of existence in the global market. The use upment of high end engineering science in the production pro cess improves quality, precision and durability which are the most desired aspects by athletes. The organization has the largest international portfolio of celebrity sports ambassadors. The business house as a part of promotion sponsors football teams and has a high consumer brand loyalty mainly in U.S.A and India. Statistics and surveys indicate that Adidas has the maximum level of popularity and brand image in India.Reebok presents ontogeny sales revenue enhancement. ON account of a part of a strategy to expand quality market share, the company indulged in the process of investing in three strike products and marketing platforms Performance, RBK and Classic. Reebok International happens to be the second largest producer of athletic shoes in the US, following Nike. The Reebok brand succeeds in accelerating sales pushing it closer to huge competitors such as Adidas. Reebok prides itself in being the number two or number three brand in most of its global markets. It dominates o n 10% of the global market. The business house succeeds in change magnitude profits even though retail conditions are challenging.WeaknessThe pricing strategy of Adidas for all its products including athletic footwear lacks flexibility and is highly soaked and this proves to be a weakness in a general price conscious economy. Adidas is hovered over with a close competitor in the form of Nike, Puma and many more in the global market. The Indian subcontinent, which in now identified as a potentially growing market with high potential of revenue, the brand has not been showing good revenue results.The business has low market share in the apparel segment. Reebok has continuously focused on athletic shoes and not apparel. Here is where the business lags ass.The apparel market is twice as large as the footwear market and the competitors such as Adidas and Nike take advantage of this and sell their apparel products which add on heavily to their annual global turnover hazardAdidas shoul d avail the opportunity to explore new world markets in the global arena. Health consciousness among the people in general is creating a good need for athletic shoes which should be skillfully tapped by Adidas. productive advertising employed in continuity could open up opportunities of market growth and sustenance.The shoes are priced below average with a starting signal range of 45 dollars which is 15 dollars less than any other brand which sells at a basic 60 dollar price tag. Reebok could procession its price as it has a large consumer base worldwide and a price deviation is not expected to hinder sales but increase profitability.The organization could work on creating a fall apart brand awareness in order to increase volume of sales. The brand could employ the best of technology to add quality and precision to its products.ThreatStatistics show that Reebok, a competitor of Adidas has a good market share and employs a higher sum for market communication strategies. This pres ents a threat which is growing for Adidas. New entrant brands such as GAP, CAT prove to be a threat as they are eating in on the market share of Adidas which it has created over a period of timeThe brand is heavily reliant on footwear sales for its revenue input. This could pose a threat as there are continuous new entrants in the athletic footwear market. Reebok needs to diversify into other areas such as bags, sports equipments and fashion accessories to stay afloat in this highly competitive market which is unpredictable.Adidas commands a global share of 16% while Reebok stands at 6%Marketing Mix (Pickton 2005)ProductADIDAS This brand has a huge product line of athletic footwear and apparels making it one of the most sought out brands besides Nike. The product is highly advertised through sports events where it gains good media coverage. Adidas uses cutting edge technology to offer comfort and expression in their product which are light in weight. Undoubtedly, the products of Ad idas have great value for money. Adidas shoes are known to have a ensnare which the sole provides and this is on account of good design and is useful specially in hiking. They go with ease on the legs and prevent any charitable of twist or sprain.Reebok The product line of Reebok is limited to footwear. Reebok has a good line of womens footwear. The brand has invested highly in technology to better its product lines. In the apparel sector the brand is lacking far behind from Adidas.PlaceAdidas and Reebok have been selling in almost every nation of the world and they follows one level blood or an indirect channel to make their product reach out to the terminal consumer. The products are fabricate by the producer and it then reaches the retailer who in turn sells it to the final consumer.PriceAdidas shoes are priced higher than that of Reebok. Adidas can afford to mail higher than Reebok as Adidas is a far more established brand than Reebok. The quality of Adidas is known to be better than that of ReebokPromotionReebok The promotional technique used by Reebok is basic advertising. The brand needs to develop better promotional strategies. New punch lines and slogan should be used by Reebok to create an impact on the consumers. It is observed that Reebok has the potential to closely vie with Adidas.Adidas Sponsoring large scale sports events, adverting through different forms of media.Adidas have been constantly booked in brand building programs. Adidas has joined in with the strategy of high fund allocation to boost sales and compete. Adidas with their innovative campaigns have turn out to be at par and have to a large consummation created the much desired impact which they set out to create at the onset of bringing about an improvisation of their promotional propaganda.ConclusionIt should be understood that footwear is no longer considered as a product that just offers a sense of protection for feet. What was hitherto taken as a Want is at the present day a basic Need. Today, the footwear business is a widespread and dynamic global business operation comprising of huge economies of scale.The athletic shoe segment is tremendously competitive in nature with the phenomenal players such as Nike, Adidas, Reebok and New brace strategizing meticulously to retain their consumer market share and the small time players such as Puma attempting to gain large market share. The athletic footwear industry stresses branding more than any other competitive benefit. By the employment of advertisements, celebrity endorsements, varied promotions, and licensing agreements, the top enterprises or rather mark companies in this industry have allocated much of their resources to creating the much required brand recognition and loyalty.Significant features of this highly competitive market segment are expensive and continuous advertising, celebrity endorsements, brand awareness techniques etc. Nike, Adidas, Reebok and a few more brands are the market leaders in the world due to their market communication and mix innovative strategies. (Bovee 2003)RecommendationsIt is recommended that Reebok work on improving its promotional strategies. Reebok should also focus on the apparel segment which is a large and promising market. The business house has developed a good consumer base and can work on increasing the prices of their products as this would bring in higher revenue, part of which could be employed for advertisement and promotion expenditure.Adidas should work towards improving market share and being at par with Nike which is currently the world leader in Athletic footwear. Adidas should focus on roping in more celebrities to endorse their products as celebrities are undoubtedly crowd pullers. It is also recommended that Adidas improve its product lines substantially as variation in products could lead to better and improved sales which form a major objective of any business organization. (Pettit 2003)