Discrimination in Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay -- essays research

In the literary work Of Mice and Men, the reader is introduced to the ranch as a world of its own, within which prejudice plays a significant part. The characters in this novel act as a community in a world of their own, having no connections to any other type of society. A sloshed point, enforced through many examples in the book, is the constant ability of the stronger to oercome the weaker. The prejudices of the majority towards the minority, at the ranch are the white-males, who retain power over the lesser groups of people. This inequality, as well as the influence of the time period, causes discrimination against people of color, women, and those that are disabled, either mentally or physically. The crippled, African American shelter hand, Crooks, is the victim of racial discrimination on the ranch. He is given his own room off the stables as if a privilege, but in truth the white-male majority of the ranch wants to have as small an amount of contact with Crooks as possible. Crooks understands this, as is shown when he explains it to Lennie in a simple statement, ?They play cards in there, but I can?t play because I?m black. They say I stink.? (p. 33) As a result of this separation, Crooks becomes incredibly bitter and lonely. by means of his request of having a part in George and Lennie?s dream, it becomes obvious that he searches for a friend, struggling to be recognized as a human being. Curley?s wife is the typical example of discrimination based on misunderstanding. Because she is never given the chance to express her point of view, the men have a strong opinion on her based only on their interpretations of her actions. In the men?s opinion, she does not belong around the ranch, and should stay... ... to share a farm with George and be allowed to tend the rabbits, and he does not seem to understand why people stand against him. Lennie?s failure to recognize his own strength unfortunately leads him to defile many livin g things, eventually Curly?s wife, which leads to his death by the hand of George, who only did what he thought was best. The novel Of Mice and Men presents to us the unsportsmanlike causes and painful results of discrimination. It clearly shows the loneliness of those that fall victim to the harsh judgement of others in the world of the ranch, as well as the way the strong subjugate the weak. As in the world itself, the existance of the ranch hands is based on survival, and in this case, a dream had to be surrendered by George in order to survive. As Slim said in the end while comforting George, ?Never you mind. A guy got to sometimes.? (117)

Portrayal of Men and Women in Indian Television Advertising :: Advertisements India Culture Media Essays

Portrayal of Men and Women in Indian Television publiciseAbstractAlthough sex activity theatrical role portrayals in advertizing take been extensively studied in Western and other Asian countries, very few such analyses have been through with(p) in India. The study does a systematic analysis of the role portrayal of men and women in Indian television advertising. 128 male role portrayals and 196 female role portrayals are content analyzed for the years 1996, 1999 and 2002. Results show that Indian advertising depicts men and women in traditionally assigned roles of the culture. In several respects, role portrayals in Indian advertising are different from the West but similar to other Asian countries.Role Portrayals of Men and Women in IndianTelevision AdvertisingThe advertising industry in India is estimated to be Rs 11,000 crore (Advertising Back in Business Businessworld, August 23, 2004) and growing at a robust pace all(prenominal) year. The expenditure in advertising is use d to promote a wide range of products ranging from automobiles to washing machines to personal care products. Although the primary function of advertising is to testify consumers about product attributes and benefits, advertising also functions as a vehicle of socio-cultural communication (Courtney and Whipple 1983). Advertisements link the functional benefits of a product to emotional and social benefits hence creating cultural meaning in the course of communication (Aaker, Batra and Myers 1992). The potential of advertising to reflect cultural roles and norms has been recognized by marketing professionals, who have described advertising metaphorically as a mirror of social values (Holbrook 1987 Pollay and Gallagher 1990) or the looking glass of masses (Lantos 1987). Researchers who have analyzed gender portrayals in advertising have found that a societys gender roles and cultural norms are manifested in its advertisements (e.g. Wolin 2003). Gender Role Portrayals in Western adve rtising Early studies on gender role portrayals in US print advertising documented the presence of a number of stereotypes in the way women and men were depicted in advertising (e.g. Belkaoui and Belkaoui 1976 Courtney and Lockeretz 1971 Sexton and Haberman 1974 Venkatesan and Losco 1975). Studies found that women were found primarily at home or in domestic settings. Women were under represented in working situations and were shown in a narrow range of occupations typically in secretarial, clerical, or blue-collar positions. A large majority of advertisements showed women as preoccupied with physical attractiveness and as sex objects. Men, on the other hand, were shown in a range of occupational roles in settings away from home such as work or outdoors.

Does Beowulf evoke a human element that allows the reader to associate :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Does Beowulf evoke a forgiving element that exclusivelyows the reader to associate with the plot?If so, then how does such humanity affect the story? in that respect is a human element in Beowulf that transcends time. It is a portrayal of emotions common to the human experience of life that allow Beowulf to evoke a response from all. The human element within the epic story of Beowulf is characterized by Hrothgar. Hrothgar is the most human character in the poem. He is the person with whom we can most easily identify. By non being afraid to hide his emotions in a society where it is a sign of weakness for a man to show his feelings, gives him perhaps not a heroic quality of his own , but a quality nonetheless the quality of human nature.     The truths of a good warrior are wisdom and braveness. A good king must possess not only these qualities, but he similarly must be concerned for the welfare of his people. Hrothgar possesses wisdom, but his courage is la cking. However upon closer inspection of the prose, one begins to see Hrothgar not as a coward, but as a symbol of basic human reaction. For example, when Grendel attacks the hall, all Hrothgar can do is hold his head in despair. While others react in violence when threatened, Hrothgar lacks the strength to do so. Although it is not a celebrated virtue of human nature, all can relate to the feeling of despair that arises when a positive solution to a negative situation is beyond ones immediate control/In another situation, after Grendels mother attacks the hall and escapes with the body of Esher, we see Hrothgar trembling "in anger and grief". When Beowulf comes to find issue whats wrong, Hrothgar practically begs him to kill the monster. His grief, at this point, verges on hysteria. This point in the epic allows the readers to bring the story back to something that they can relate to, a focal point. By being able to tap into the feelings expressed by Hrothgar, one can trul y understand how helpless this once strong king must feel. The emotions of Hrothgar also allow the reader to compare him to Beowulf who shuns such emotional outbursts and who isnt wise enough to realize his shortcomings due to age. Instead of admitting that he is too old to hold dear his country, Beowulf attempts to relive his youth by fighting the dragon.

European Animals The Major Part They Took In Forever Altering the Ecology of the Americas :: essays papers

European Animals The Major Part They Took In Forever Altering the ecology of the AmericasAlthough the Europeans presence in the Americas from 1492 to many years later caused drastic change in the environment, their part in forever altering the entire American ecosystem was tike when compared to the part of the true criminals the European animals. The introduction of these European animals into the upstart World had the most destructive effects on the new environment and everlastingly alter the ecology of the Americas. During the time that pre-dated the arrival of the Europeans, the Americas remained basically untouched and prevailed as virgin arrive. The land was live with not just American Indians, but also populated by vast numbers of plants and animals. These inhabitants lived, died, and bred alone for generation after generation, developing unique cultures and working out tolerances, that is up until 1492, when Columbus and the European conquerors invaded the harmoniou s land and instantaneously initiated the many long years of corruption. The arrival of the Europeans immediately brought drastic changes to the way things were previously done in the Americas they immediately set about to understand as much of the new world as possible into the old world. Because they were people who practiced mixed farming with a heavy emphasis on herding and because they saw only very few domesticated animals in the new land, the Europeans began the follow out of importing Old World domesticated animals, such as the pig, cow, and horse. This action could most definitely be described as the greatest biological revolution in the Americas since the end of the Pleistocene era. The Europeans had no idea as to what they unleashed upon the sunrise(prenominal) World when they introduced their domesticated animals. Many of these animals flourished in the new environment beyond the wildest hopes of their European masters. The animals and their diseases moved throu gh the virgin lands of America faster than did the people who had brought them to the New World. By surpassing their masters, the animals became unstoppable, and their destruction was unfortunately boundless.Pigs, for example, existed as one among the many animal groups that played such a significant role in the changes that work the ecology of the New World. Out of all of the imported animals, the pigs adapted quickest to the new environment.

Comparing The Color Purple and Macbeth :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing The Color lofty and Macbeth     What is a perfect human? Human perfection may be measured by physical ability or intellectual achievement however, it may also be measured by strength of character, and in this soil humans may often fall short. Weakness of character, shown through various character flaws, causes most of the hardships in life.   Literature such as Shakespeares Macbeth and Alison Walkers The Color Purple contain three levels of characters setting characters, secondary characters and the main character. Combined, these three all contribute character flaws which leads to the novel or plays ultimate tragedy.   The setting character appears in the beginning of a piece of literature to give one a feel and sense of how the piece will reach out to the reader. King Duncan sets the aviation in Macbeth when we see different characters take advantage of his character flaw, naivete. Immediately we begin to see some of the major themes such as bet rayal and treatment and know what direction the play will take. King Duncans naivete is first shown when we find out that the former Thane of Cawdor has betrayed King Duncan and that he did not have some(prenominal) idea of it. This incident then prepares us for King Duncans meeting with Lady Macbeth, where Lady Macbeth deceives King Duncan. We know Lady Macbeth is not loyal, yet he considers her his honourd hostess.../Which tranquillize he thanks and loves (I. vi. 9-12). Once again when naive King Duncan puts his trust into the hands of disloyal Macbeth by making him Thane of Cowdar, the atmosphere and plot advances by making Macbeths future plans possible.   Celies mother, in the beginning of the novel The Color Purple, is a very small but effective setting character. Her character flaw was irresponsible parenting because she did not protect her daughter. With this drop of protection, Celie did not have any womanly role models when she was growing up. Therefore, Celie wa s not able to become knowledgeable about life and have good female company. Another effect this flaw had on the protagonist was that she had no one to teach her how to understand herself. Celie was unable to realize all of the wonderful qualities of being and nice a woman. Because she could not appreciate being a woman, she was unable to appreciate herself, and therefore had a lack of self confidence.

Comparing The Color Purple and Macbeth :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing The Color Purple and Macbeth     What is a perfect gentleman? Human perfection may be calculated by physical ability or intellectual achievement however, it may also be measured by strength of character, and in this realm humans may often fall short. Weakness of character, shown through various character reproachs, causes most of the hardships in life.   books such as Shakespeares Macbeth and Alison Walkers The Color Purple contain three levels of characters setting characters, secondary characters and the main character. Combined, these three all contribute character flaws which leads to the novel or plays ultimate tragedy.   The setting character appears in the beginning of a piece of literature to give one a feel and sense of how the piece pass on reach out to the reader. king Duncan sets the atmosphere in Macbeth when we see different characters take advantage of his character flaw, naivete. Immediately we begin to see some of the major th emes such as betrayal and manipulation and know what direction the play will take. King Duncans naivete is first shown when we find out that the former Thane of Cawdor has betrayed King Duncan and that he did not have any idea of it. This incident then prepares us for King Duncans meeting with maam Macbeth, where Lady Macbeth deceives King Duncan. We know Lady Macbeth is not loyal, yet he considers her his honourd hostess.../Which still he thanks and loves (I. vi. 9-12). Once again when naive King Duncan puts his trust into the hands of disloyal Macbeth by making him Thane of Cowdar, the atmosphere and fleck advances by making Macbeths future plans possible.   Celies mother, in the beginning of the novel The Color Purple, is a very small but effective setting character. Her character flaw was irresponsible parenting because she did not protect her daughter. With this lack of protection, Celie did not have any female role models when she was growing up. Therefore, Celie was no t able to become knowledgeable rough life and have good female company. Another effect this flaw had on the protagonist was that she had no one to teach her how to understand her egotism. Celie was unable to advance all of the wonderful qualities of being and becoming a woman. Because she could not appreciate being a woman, she was unable to appreciate herself, and therefore had a lack of self confidence.

Anthropology notes

Clan becomes important 1922 An account of native enterprise and lark in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. throw Synoptic chart to collect concrete data, and accordingly I took a village census, wrote down genealogies, drew up plans, and pile up the terms of kinship. But completely this remained dead material, which led no further into the understanding of real native mentality or behavior (Malinowski, B. 1922) Verandah anthropologistMalinowski is verbalism in order to do real anthropological research, we need to be in the environment role player-observation Social anthropology began in the Trobriand Islands in 1914 o Leach, Edmund R. Armchair (at home) + Verandah (in a distant country Rivers) + Participant Observation (observing and participating in everyday field settings Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard) Malinowski left England, not armchair Notes and Querries Tylor was commemorateing of developing Armchair o When most researchers were at home It kept changingAfter Malinowski, the notes and Querries parole was viewed by other people He wanted to help people to make sure they argon documenting things clearly Theres a focus on what to collect, what cultural content Querries about string (p. 286) The process of doing anthropological fieldwork o The how of anthropology o There werent too many other sources of counseling o People solace needed guidance on what to collect If there is a yearly cycle, you can see the exclusively thing Evans-Pritchard Didnt specify notes and querries was helpfulTheorizing culture o television set that we saw it was soon clear that if I could gain a full understanding of the meaning of this word, I should have the get word to Zande philosophy (from the word-painting Strange Beliefs) facts in themselves are meaningless even an idiot can produce a new tact o thing is to ingathering a new supposition relationship between theory and data o between theory and observation these two are linked mavin cannot study a nything without the other in social anthropology you are studying not Just as an observer but also as a articipant.You are not Just a member of the audience you are also on the stage. To understand the Nuer you have to go to learn to think as a Nuer, to feel as a Nuer, in a kind of way to be a Nuer. And this cant be done by any kind of scientific technique. And this is why I think the anthropologist is in a peculiar position because he is trying to interpret what he sees, not Just with the head, but with his whole personality, with his heart as well. (from video Strange Beliefs) Levy-Bruhl Primitive MentalityAnthropology notesClan becomes important 1922 An account of native enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. BOOK Synoptic chart to collect concrete data, and accordingly I took a village census, wrote down genealogies, drew up plans, and collected the terms of kinship. But all this remained dead material, which led no further into the understand ing of real native mentality or behavior (Malinowski, B. 1922) Verandah anthropologistMalinowski is saying in order to do real anthropological research, we need to be in the environment Participant-observation Social anthropology began in the Trobriand Islands in 1914 o Leach, Edmund R. Armchair (at home) + Verandah (in a distant country Rivers) + Participant Observation (observing and participating in everyday field settings Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard) Malinowski left England, not armchair Notes and Querries Tylor was thinking of developing Armchair o When most researchers were at home It kept changingAfter Malinowski, the notes and Querries book was viewed by other people He wanted to help people to make sure they are documenting things clearly Theres a focus on what to collect, what cultural content Querries about string (p. 286) The process of doing anthropological fieldwork o The how of anthropology o There werent too many other sources of guidance o People still needed gu idance on what to collect If there is a yearly cycle, you can see the whole thing Evans-Pritchard Didnt think notes and querries was helpfulTheorizing culture o Video that we saw it was soon clear that if I could gain a full understanding of the meaning of this word, I should have the key to Zande philosophy (from the video Strange Beliefs) facts in themselves are meaningless even an idiot can produce a new tact o thing is to product a new idea relationship between theory and data o between theory and observation these two are linked one cannot study anything without the other in social anthropology you are studying not Just as an observer but also as a articipant.You are not Just a member of the audience you are also on the stage. To understand the Nuer you have to go to learn to think as a Nuer, to feel as a Nuer, in a kind of way to be a Nuer. And this cant be done by any kind of scientific technique. And this is why I think the anthropologist is in a peculiar position because he is trying to interpret what he sees, not Just with the head, but with his whole personality, with his heart as well. (from video Strange Beliefs) Levy-Bruhl Primitive Mentality

Amazon analysis Essay

1. Introductionvirago is the worlds oversizest e-commerce company. It was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994 ( amazon, n.d.) and the website went online on July 16, 1995 (Webley, 2010). amazon has its headquarter in Seattle, Washington and several offices on all continents. (Amazon, n.d.) At the beginning Amazon sold only books and after a period of development they expanded into a wider range of harvest-homes much(prenominal) as multimedia products, kinsperson items, toys, c great dealhing, jewellery, sporting goods and grocery (Amazon, n.d.). In the following the business dodging of Amazon is analysed in regard to a theoretical background. First of all, Amazons strategy is examined in terms of hall porters Five Forces and Generic Strategies. Moreover, Amazons internationalisation strategy is examined including the obstacles they might face in their development physical process and how those crowd out be overcome. Furthermore, economic theory is used to evaluate the aspects of m arket power and competitor.2. Analysis of Amazon2.1. Amazon in Porters frameworks2.1.1. Porters Five ForcesIt can be recommended to presidential terms to analyse the purlieu they operate in. This can be done on several levels such(prenominal) as the macro-environment, industry, competitors and the organisation itself. When analysing the industry the model of Porters Five Forces is an appropriate tool. It includes the five belligerent forces threat of instauration, bargaining power of secureers, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers and war-ridden rivalry.Figure 1 The five forces framework (Tanbots, n.d.)Threat of entry describes the level of barriers that need to be overcome by new entrants in an industry. The typical barriers argon (Johnson, Whittington, & Scholes, 2011) Scale and experienceAccess to supply and distribution channelsExpected retaliationLegislation or government actionDifferentiationIn the facial expression of Amazon the barrier surpass and e xperience is the most significant. Amazon is the titanicst online retailer (Netonomy.NET, 2013). As a consequence they operate on a truly man-sized scale which results in economies of scale and other salute advantages. For a new entrant it would be very difficult to achieve this from scratch as this would requires large amounts of investment. As a new competitor in this sector does non have those cost advantages it is very likely that they have to charge higher harms. Amazon is in business for almost 18 years now which is comparable long for any online company. During this time they were able to build up a administrate of valuable experience which is likely to be reflected in their cost curve as well. A substitute performs the same or a similar tend as an industrys product by a incompatible substance. (Porter, The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy, 2008) The threat of a substitute is high when it offers an harming price-performance ratio and when the buyers swi tching costs be low. (Porter, The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy, 2008) Switching costs are very low be bugger off it does not adjudge a difference to the guest where they buy their books, music downloads or kitchen appliances just to name a few. The product is either the same or verysimilar.So clients have the free choice where they want to bargain for their products. However, there might be high emotional switching costs as customers construct up a high loyalty in the past. Amazon makes use of this with their Kindle for example. There are many e-book readers available but when a customer purchases the Kindle they are as well going to purchase their e-books from Amazon because thusly switching costs would be high as they would need a assorted e-book reader. This is a mean for Amazon to counteract the threat of substitutes. Suppliers can put pressure on companies by either reducing the quality of the good or service or by raising prices. The bargaining power of suppliers is high when one or more of several key elements are given such as the industry is dominated by only a few suppliers, the product is unique or differentiated and the industry is not an important customer of the supplier. (Porter, How competitive forces shape strategy, 1979) In the case of Amazon the bargaining power of suppliers is limited. On the one hand the power of suppliers is high because Amazon depends from their suppliers in the finger that books for example are usually not offered by a large number of different publishing companies.The same is true for the multimedia sector. So those suppliers could emergence prices. On the other hand with Amazon being the largest online retailer it is a major customer of the industry. Publishing companies for example cannot risk to lose Amazon as a customer. Customers can pressure the companies to reduce prices, increase quality of the product or service and play competitors off against each other if they have a high bargaining power. (Porter, How competitive forces shape strategy, 1979) The key issue in the case of Amazon is that most of their products are standard and undifferentiated. As a gang of competitors in the online market as well as in the high street sector offer the same or very similar products customers can easily play competitors off against each other or demand lower prices. Due to those facts customers have a averagely high bargaining power. contest among existing competitors is very high as Amazon has not only to compete with other online shops but also with high street retailers. Amazon offers a wide range of products and they are go about with different competitors across their product categories. There is only one factor that differentiates Amazon from the other retailers which is that Amazon offers such an immense range of products.2.1.2. Generic StrategiesCompanies can develop a competitive advantage either in having lower costs than competitors or by product differentiation so that customers are forgeting to pay higher prices for that unique characteristic. The strategies that are developed to achieve this can either focus on the full(a) or narrow scope. (Johnson, Whittington, & Scholes, 2011)Figure 2 Generic Competitive Strategies (Burgeen, 2013)With Amazon being the largest online retailing company it is clear that they focus on the broad scale and try to target as many customers as possible. The two possible strategies to develop a competitive advantage are therefore cost direct or differentiation. Most of the goods and services that are sold by Amazon are standardised and undifferentiated. As Amazon does not produce the goods they sell it is not possible to develop a competitive advantage in terms of a differentiation strategy. As Amazon operates on such a large scale which makes it possible to achieve economies of scale and with some(prenominal) degree of bargaining power towards their suppliers it is quite obvious that cost leadership most like ly to be the strategy that Amazon pursues that the moment.However, Amazon is al focusings seeking to develop something unique mostly in the area of customer service. At the moment, they are growing a drone that could deliver small packages to the customers in 30 minutes or less (Amazon, n.d.). This unique service is a mean of differentiation to other online stores for which customers are genuinely willing to pay a higher price. This strategy of cost leadership and developing new unique features can visualize that Amazon maintains their competitive advantage.2.2. Modes of entryThe selection of transactional corporation of entry modes was impacted by a variety of integrated factors. These multinational firms have the advantages of technology, scale and fund to entry a new market and area (Chan et al., 1992), for the party to accept, these multinational companies not only promote the development of economic and technology, but also bring a lot of employment opportunities for these n ew market. And at the same time, for the party of multinational companies which will extend a new area, and scale for their business, fuse with the local technology garment and culture can alsomake the company baffle more diversified, bring more benefit for the company. Like the Amazon, which include 3 subsidiary corporations singly are Alexa Internet, A9 and Internet Movie Database, IMDB. And its development strategy is vigorously develop enterprise diversification, make it more competitive and better integrated into the international market. In the theory of entry model, there have several points which respectively are Licensing or franchising, Joint proceed, and only owned subsidiary.2.2.1. Licensing or franchisingFor the part of licensing or franchising, which means the franchise owners in the form of the contract, franchisees are allowed to be paid for the use of its name, trademark, proprietary technology, operational and management experience to carry out commercial acti vities. Since Amazon as an E-commerce sale platform and already involved with a number of product areas, then which can cooperate with other product firms, especially when they entry a new country of market, collaborate with the local enterprise and brand which was known by native is the fastest way to fit in these market, and also these Products manufacturer named amazons name will lead to better development. except the barrier of licensing or franchising is also exists, for example, these franchise and franchisee business ideas and products form whitethorn not conform to the dominion of amazons brand, then these differences about management idea may be will bring conflicts and contradictions to each other. accordingly in dress to prevent problem like this happened, Amazon on the aspect of international development should make full of investigation and examination forward cooperation when they prepare to into a new market of country to avoid these problems.2.2.2. Joint ventur eAt the part of Joint venture, when an enterprise prepare to entry a new market, shall make a research about the condition of this industry in this market, whether have the condition for the development or already over-saturated. So how to contestation with local enterprise, how to be accepted by native and how to stand out are the most important problems that Amazon should be consider, and with the object of joint venture may also produce interest on the friction. But through joint venture will save lots of cost and time on the part of adjustment period, Amazon can use a certaintechnology, experience and talent which come from the object of cooperation. Reduce the risk caused by the woeful preparation, distribute respective benefits at the same time, and also can draw appropriate management experience and local development, lay the foundation for the next market.2.2.3. Wholly owned subsidiaryIn addition to Licensing or franchising, Joint venture, there is a better way of freedom to control which is Wholly owned subsidiary. It refers to a subsidiary fully owned or controlled by only one parent company, and there are exist two ways to set up subsidiary first is set up a new firm from the beginning and construct a new set of production equipment second is purchase an existing firm and its equipment. So Amazon should also develop like the other transactional corporations, through after a long period of survey and investigation about the condition of development in this area, through the acquisition of local companies or set up a new subsidiary to complete the consolidation with the local market, for example, amazon used to announced a $75 million deal to buy joyo.com, will be for amazon joyo, under a totally owned subsidiary in China(Wang, 2012), which rely on the strong platform and group advantage of Amazon, so in the management and operational funds aspects without having worry. But the through this way will spent a huge of money, then Amazon should planni ng in this aspect prudently, comprehensive estimation its operating federal agency and development prospect.Establish a wholly owned subsidiary of the company also need to take a lot of resources, so the risk what faced by Amazon may be high. One of source of risk is the target market of political or social uncertain or instability, and some risks like these may cause harm on company material property and personal safety when it become more serious, as long as fully understand the targets market of customer before they entering, the parent company will decrease these risks.3. personalized Pricing3.1. Analysis of individualized determineWith the coming of online retailers and comparison sites, product price becomes more transparent for consumers. In order to effectively promote products in sales, enterprises must develop effective strategies of pricingfor the market, such as individualized pricing. In the age of electronic commerce, production can be product personalized service. So the individualized pricing also appears. Individualized pricing let consumers to choose the individualized products they wanted and pay the price. Although personalized pricing can enhance profits largely, many companies still hesitate that customers will feel the individualized pricing is unfair. There is a case about Amazon, which is an online shopping company. In 2000, customers have found that Amazon charge different prices to different people. For the some one DVD, the price to new customer is lower than that to old customers by four dollars. Amazons explanation is that this is a stochastic discount for different customers.Based on customers response to discount, company re-measures the price of products for each customer. From the result, the customer feels that they buy more frequently, the price become lower. This makes regular customers satisfied. It is obvious that the company want to compete with other opponents by using the strategy of individualized pricing. Today, customers can compare the products from different stores. Then, they can buy the necessary goods online at a lower price. In recent years, the only way to ensure efficient pricing is to use a dynamic way such as the individualized pricing. This means that retailers need to understand the regard as of customers and how to obtain the loyalty of customers. By analysis the situation of market and customers, the companies can make the efficient price of products to absorb consumers. Due to most retailers heavily dependent on competitive prices, they try to keep the same price or close to lower prices than that of competitors.The companies can obtain higher market share. But some companies abuse the market power, they dominate market by reducing products price. This behavior will be prohibited by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT), which is a non-for-profit and non-ministerial government department of the United Kingdom. It enforces both consumer protection and competition law. Therefore the individualized pricing has both advantages and disadvantages. It depends on how the companies use this method. Appropriately using of individualized pricing can promote activeness of market. If individualized pricing is excessive, it will become the abuse of market power. The OFT acts as the UKs economic regular. 3.2. Governments roleGovernment has played a leading role in maintaining fair competition in the internal market of retailing sector, which requires competitors competition of fair, just, open, equal and orderly with rivals, then which means to follow the principle of fair competition, and the principle of fair competition, so follow the survival of the fittest, for the country of internal aspect, the government always played the role to maintain market fair competition, the enterprise operation and so on. But also in some other special circumstances, like in order to protect house servant industries then form a monopoly to resist the invasion of foreign industry, usin g economic and legal means to create condition for the internal retail enterprise in market competition, at the same time, promoting its development abroad when it has sufficient capacity.Competition on the international market, when excessive foreign enterprise brand occupies a certain market share of the product, the government should implement the corresponding protection measures to cultivate the local retail brands, this can better promote the healthy development of domestic enterprises. Government can make laws or raise taxes in order to limit the foreign-owned enterprise to enter the local market, but in taking measures should be multi-faceted and carefully implemented. Excessive restrictions could cut competition consciousness between local businesses moreover can form local monopoly enterprises, but if the limit of foreign-owned enterprise is not enough, it may only effect the resource and product flow in the market environment. EU retail and wholesale industry annual outpu t value accounted for 11% of EU GDP, providing nearly 30 million jobs, accounting for 15% of total EU employment.Enhance the competitiveness of the retail industry is essential to ensure the European Unions economic growth and employment, so in addition to developing their own factors of each local enterprise, the government should vigorously developing its regulation function to balance the market competitiveness and create a good market environment for each of the retail enterprises development.4. finishAmazon as the one of most largest and popular e-commerce should select which way of entry modes cautiously when they development internalization strategy. Fully do the preparation before entry a new market, throughauthorization, the establishment of joint ventures or subsidiaries gradually penetrated into new markets. The model of future business will be global. Amazon operates in a very competitive environment as there is a high level of rivalry among competitors such as other on line stores and high street shops. Additionally, there is a high threat of substitutes as well as high bargaining power of buyers. However, Amazon recognized that being the cost leader does not ensure having a competitive advantage in the future. This is why they try to develop new features in the sector of online stores in order to be able to add something unique to their mainly standardized products. This is their mean to maintain their position as the worlds leading online store.Due to the price of products has a strong influence on customers, price has become the key to ensure business and customer loyalty. Individualized pricing becomes more popular. Undoubtedly, some retail providers can establish the customer loyalty and obtain more profit. But the using of individualized pricing still needs to be supervised. Otherwise, it will cause the abuse of market power. So this is the significance of OFT and government. The government should be regulated according to different market s ituations, creating a fair competitive environment for the retail market and avoid vicious competition which may arise.BibliographyAmazon. (n.d.). About Amazon. Retrieved 03 18, 2014, from http//www.amazon.com/b?node=239364011 Amazon. (n.d.). Amazon Prime Air. Retrieved 03 18, 2014, from http//www.amazon.com/b?node=8037720011 Amazon. (n.d.). Global Locations. Retrieved 03 18, 2014, from http//www.amazon.com/b?node=239366011 Burgeen. (2013, 06 29). Porters Generic Strategies. Retrieved 03 18, 2014, from http//www.burgeen.com/main/porters-generic-strategies/ Chan, K. W., Peter, H. (1992) Global Strategy and Multinationals Entry Mode Choice, Journal of International Business Studies, 23(1), pp.29-53. Johnson, G., Whittington, R., & Scholes, K. (2011). Exploring Strategy. Harlow Pearson Education Limited. Netonomy.NET. (2013, 01 30). brighten 5 Largest online retailers Who are these companies and how did they make it to the top? Retrieved 03 18, 2014, from http//netonomy.net/2013/01/3 0/top-5-largest-online-retailers-who-companies-h

The Body Shop Marketing Essay

1) Anita Roddick created the body shop in 1976 with the objective of opening an environmentally conscious cosmetic store. Today, the torso reveal (BS) has grown from universe a single hippie store in England to a multinational comp any with everywhere 2265 stores in 50 countries enjoying gross sales of ? 820,000 in 2006/2007 period. (mintel 2006) People say that angiotensin-converting enzyme person cannot make a difference further Anita Roddick proved it unlawful by sticking to here ideals and ideas of doing business.This extract from the ashes Shops mission statement to dedicate our business to the pursuit of sociable and environmental change (www. thebodyshop. co. uk), shows us how she created a new way of dealing with customer needs and wants. She saw it as a better option to put customer and society in the first place and by doing so, gain sales for good conduct. This way of doing business was not only proved to be extremely successful but many food marketers followed t he BS concepts, attempting to maximise potential profit by imitating Dame Anita Roddicks set of ideals or values.Throughout this essay, we give investigate how Anita Roddick successfully employ marketing tools to promote her chain of shops and her strong principles and see how todays businesses can follow Roddicks footsteps in successfully targeting the emergence of new consumer groups in the organic nutrition market. Anita Roddicks BS has not been an immense success for no reason. An explanation of the BS general success in world markets is that she was one of the pioneers in developing a to a greater extent ethically based business.We will deport a look at how she maximised the 4 Ps ( harvest-tide, place, packaging and expenditure) to promote her chain of shops and strong principles. Product The BS sells and produces cosmetics and t aneleetries made from natural ingredients all over the world targeting principally women with a medium to high income and with wooden-headed so cial conscience and commitment. Its product seethe can be divided into eight categories each including a range of quality products. Each body lotion, shampoo, lav & shower gel, etc. comes in different sizes in recycled, recyclable or biodegradable packaging. TheProduct Life Cycle of the BS is still in the developing stages as competition is still increasing due(p) to an change magnitude in interest in the industrys potential. Furthermore, the market is continuously evolving as more and more people become more ethically aw are. Branding is very important as it differentiates the conjunction from other skincare companies. Anita Roddick managed to create a scar which positioned itself as promoting good environmental ethics at a time where Europe was becoming greener, strongly differentiating itself from companies looking to increase profits at any legal cost to the environment and to society.But since the French cosmetic giant LOreal bought the BS, BrandIndex measured a drastic drop in the ratings of BS reputation. flush though, the company promised to keep its ethical cosmetic brand intact, the publics opinion on the BS did not take long to change. (http//www. brandrepublic. com) Price The Body Shop has been able to set premium prices because of the assumption that people would be willing to deport more for a product which they think is contributing to social and ethical issues.The fact that the BS is involved in issues such as fair throw, animal testing and has strong environmental views gave them the competitive advantage of product differentiation. But since competitors such as Boots or Bath & Bodyworks in the states bedevil started their own natural product range at prices below the BS, profits withdraw decreased in comparison to previous years. From 2002 to 2003 sales grew by only 5% compared with competitors whose sales rose by 27% in the same period.It could besides be said that the BS prices are in the mid market pricing range as there ar e products more expensive such as for example Boots natural-based products but much cheaper than Chanel or Estee Lauder beauty products. Furthermore, the cost of production of the BS products whitethorn be higher because of fair trade issues with local communities. But critiques say that the Trade not Aid projects are simply a marketing tool and that not even 1% of the sales go to the projects. (www. mcspotlight. org) Promotion The BS way of advertising has mostly been make through indirect advertising.Indeed, by associating themselves to Greenpeace or the save the whales project or by doing fare trade with indigenous communities for example, journals, newspapers and magazines have written about the companys products, campaigns and beliefs without the company actually carrying out or spending any gold into promotion campaigns. The BS believes that beauty is reality and strongly disagrees on the advertising campaigns trying to glamorise their products Were saying our products will moisturize, cleanse and polish they will not perform miracles. (Mrs Galanti, 1997). This was stated in 1997 after the release of a rare mainstream campaign called Love your body due to increased competition in the marketplace. The Body Shop also makes extensive use of its web site, delivery lorries and shop windows to communicate its campaigns and beliefs. Packaging is also a way of promoting a product. By viewing consumers that the BS is involved in recycling plastic bottles used in the packaging of a product for example, it positions itself furthermore in the customers mind as universe an environmentally caring organisation.It also tried to push consumers to use refills but the impact of this campaign was minimal. Furthermore the BS also called for more people to recycle their old spry phone. (Mintel, 2004) Place The BS looks closely at the store location, as customer accessibility to the store is very important. They are normally fixed on high streets, in department concessi ons depending on important factors of accessibility such as parking, visibility or even public transport. Stores are usually arranged as a boutique layout with products arranged according to their function.The atmosphere of the BS retail outlets is relaxed and sympathetic, inherent to the overall design of the BS shops. There is mickle of information on ingredients and the origin of the product available to the customer. Furthermore the BS rapid growth and international expansion was helped through franchising. Finally, the rise in fill for ethical products has provided many opportunities for marketers. Dame Anita Roddick, was one of the first to point that out and through product innovation and brand reputation, she managed to build a multinational company from virtually nothing.However, todays cosmetic market has highly evolved and is far more competitive than it used to be. The challenge for the company is to revitalise its retail outlets, break their product offer and brand c ommunications in order to grow store sales and invest in employee development and customer service. 2) Markets within an economic system rapidly change offering opportunities for companies to increase profit and to expand. The marketers job is to react to these changes and put the company in the right direction.The organic feed market for example has grown rapidly with consumers increasing spending on ethical food by 800 million to approximately ? 5. 6 billion in 2006 (Ethical consumerism report 2006- Co-operative bank). Furthermore, most developed countries are seeing a rise in organic produce, The organic market has boomed in recent years, ontogenesis by 25% annually on average (www. timesonline. co. uk). These figures show us that the organic movement is moving on a global scale with an increase in consumer interest in how and where food is produced.It could be said that the rise in the demand for organic products is due to the rising average age and due to media spotlight. I ndeed, media are constantly focusing on the consequences of climate change and on how the earths resources are being depleted pushing fellow humankind beings to act more responsibly and ethically in what food products they buy. This has lead people to believe that by eating organic food, a person will stay healthy studies in 2006 and 2007 have found higher levels of Vitamin C in organic fruit and 68 per cent higher levels of omega-3 in organic whole milk than non-organic whole milk. (www. bbc. co. uk). On the other hand, with more elderly people in the UK after the baby boom of the early 50s, the market is likely to see people buying organic/healthy food rather than GM food offering new opportunities to marketers in impairment of how to advertise and promote their products. This could be done through promotional campaigns aimed at elderly people, informing them of the availability of organic food in their respective supermarkets or by associating the organisation to environmental ly friendly associations such as Greenpeace and beneficiate of indirect advertising.To be the first to come into a customers mind as being an organisation which cares about the environment would definitely give the company a strong competitive advantage. Two of the major leading supermarkets such as Tesco and Sainsbury have both recognised these changing consumer needs and have introduced organic food and organic policies within their stores To meet this growing demand Sainsburys has re-launched its organic range as Sainsburys SO organic and is committed to broadening the appeal of and extending its comprehensive range of organic foods. (www. jsainsburys. co. uk).Additionally, Sainsbury has recently banned the use of palm cover from unsustainable sources in its own-brand products which has been argued by Greenpeace as a positive first step towards the end of the destruction of the Indonesian rainforest (www. marketingweek. co. uk). Another way of promoting the organisation could be to introduce fair trade products in our supermarkets aisles. This would not necessarily be done in a profit objective scheme but instead to show customers the organisations involvement in helping local communities even though profits could be made if an appropriate marketing dodging was applied.Another important factor to consider is packaging as it can be used for promotional purposes. This could give them an advantage over rival companies that may not sell organic food. Additionally, organisation could also concentrate on creating greener friendly packaging A UK company has launched a new range of gizmo food packs manufactured from biodegradable plastic. showing their aware(p)ness of the influence they have on the environment and their dedication to breeze a role in conserving the planet. (http//www. foodanddrinkeurope. com).The worry for the marketer will be to set attractive and adequate organic packaging at the lowest possible prices. This brings us to price conside rations. Organic food is without a doubt more expensive to produce and sell than non-organic food giving the marketer the difficult challenge of setting a competitive price with rivals and at a level that still sees the company being profitable. It is also important that marketers are aware of how much people are willing to pay for organic food in order to maximise profits. Moreover, prices are set to increase as exceptionally high market growth rates are causing demand to outpace supply. (http//www. organicmonitor. com) On the other hand, The Food Standard Agency and scientists still believe that organic food as a whole, is not necessarily healthier for a person than GM food there is no scientific evidence to suggest organic food is healthier (www. guardian. co. uk). Furthermore, Chefs such as Gordon Ramsay argue that organic food is overpriced and questions its authenticity The problem with organic food is that it has become hip and trendy, overhyped, overpriced and inconsistent. Unfortunately there is immediately a snob factor attached to it. (www. timesonline. co. k) On this point, marketers will have to make sure that they undertake effective advertising campaigns as well as detailed branding and packaging to promote their products as being healthier than other foods in order to maintain high sales. The reason the organic market has grown so much in the last decade is definitely due to a rise in ethical consumerism. Indeed, after some companies were candid by the media to how they really operated i. e. illegal sweatshops for example- and the constant media coverage on the damage caused by humans to the earth, saw consumers take a more ethical go on to purchasing.This why it is so important to show consumers that the organisation is active in sustaining the earth and its resources. Today, the image of the company should be of first importance to marketers. Tesco and other supermarkets have already revised their strategy and offer for example to use p lastic bags more than once- Tesco claimed that shoppers had used one million bags less than they would normally expect. (www. recycling-guide. org. uk). J Sainsburys reacted by cutting back on carbon emissions produced by their outlets- We are currently looking at the big picture regarding carbon emissions and the part Sainsburys play in that.We have been extremely proactive over the last 10 years on all aspects of energy efficiency. (Alison Austin, 2007). All these supermarket behaviour changes are done in the objective to remain competitive. Marketers understand that if their company is seen to be green then it is likely to be successful in the market. Finally, whichever strategy marketers do film to adopt, it will eventually determine their level of success in an ever changing society which now focuses on being ethical and more aware of the environment. Bibliography anon. , November 2007, Food matters, BBC. anon. , March,2006, Body Shop at a glance, FT. om, London, pg 1. Ano n. , June 2003,Anita Roddick, Director, London, Vol. 56(11), pg. 60. Anon. , August 2007, Growth opportunity for organic market, Retail world, Vol. 60(16), pg. 22. Brassington F. and Pettitt S. , 2003, Principles of Marketing. tertiary ed. , Pearson Education Limited. Callan E. , May 2006, LOreal says it is content with Bady Shops ethics GENERAL REATILERS 1st Ed. , Financial Times, London (UK), pg. 17. Coles A. , Harris L. , 2006, Ethical Consumers and e-Commerce The Emergence and Growth of plum Trade in the UK, Journal of Reasearch for Consumers, Crawley (10), pg. , 6 pgs. Guthrie J. , kinfolk 2007, Activist who inspired a business generation LONDON 2ND EDITION, Financial Times, London (UK), pg 21. Marketing Week, September 2007, Ehtical consumerism Lacking in green conviction, London pg 28. Marketing Week, January 2007, Market research Unlock the power of brands, London pg 23 Jack L. , November 2007, Greenpeace backs Sainsburys palm oil ban as a first step, London, Marketing We ek. Hofman M. , April 2001, Anita Roddick The Body Shop International, established in 1976, Inc. Boston Vol. 23, Iss. 5 pg. 61, 1pgs.Mintel, 2004, Body Shop campaigns for mobile recycling Mintel, 2006, Company report Mintel, April 2007, Impact of the Environment (The) UK. The Body Shop International PLC. 2006. Annual report and Accounts. Sample I. , October 2007, Organic food is healthier study, The shielder Zink W. , February 1996, The impact of recycling on the cosmetic industry, Drug & Cosmetic Industry, New York Vol. 158 (2) pg. 42, 4pgs. Web sites Elliot S. , The Body Shops campaign offers reality, not miracles. WWW Accessed 21 November 2007 The Body Shop. 2005. The Body Shop values report. WWW lt URL http//valuesreport. thebodyshop. net/pdfs/bodyshop_valuesreport_2005. pdf Accessed 22 November Bidlake S. 2006. Body Shop reputation is battered by sale to LOreal. WWW Accessed 22 November London Greenpeace, Whats wrong with the Body Shop WWW Accessed 18 November Anon. , 2007, P roduct news. WWW URL http//jsainsburys. co. uk/index. asp? PageID=419==200 5=583 Accessed 23 November Anon. , 2006, Tesco Ads Result in Re-Using Plastic Bags. WWW Accessed 22 November Organic Monitor, 2006, Global Organic Food Industry Facing Supply Challenges. WWW Accessed 25 November Ungoed-Thomas J. , 2007, Eat your words, all who scoff at organic food. WWW Accessed 22 November Anon. 2007, Company news WWW Accessed 23 November Horne M. , 2006, Ramsay lays into organic food snobs. WWW http//timesonline. co. uk/tol/newspapers/sunday_times/ireland/ article625714. ece Accessed 25 November ElAmin A. , 2006, Biodegradable food packaging launched in UK. WWW http//foodanddrinkeurope. com/news/ng. asp? n=69464-natureworks-rpc-bebo-biodegradable-pla Accessed 22 November Anon. , 2006, The Body Shop- Body and soul. WWW Accessed 23 November

Physiological Impacts of World War Two Essay

When a soldier enlists into the military forces they know they are going in to fight for their country and granting immunity for everyone. They spend months bringing up and preparing for the warfare and what to sire. They learn to fight, shoot, and kill enemies, but what they do non learn is how to cope with the by and by math of the war. Soldiers in war every year come home with many post traumatic effects from what they had witnessed. During world war two this was known as shell shock however what can be concluded is that world war two impacted the soldiers emotion bothy and physiologically from the time they entered to post war. instauration War Two was one of the biggest struggles state of matters everywhere suck in ever seen. It killed more people, costs more money, damaged more property, and affected more peoplethan any other war in history (The story on the Net Group). People everywhere were in panic when the War started. With all the damage done during the war it can be imagined how the soldiers were traumatized by losing their curse word soldiers. The number of people killed, wounded, or missing between September 1939 and September 1945 can never be calculated, but it is estimated that more than 55 million people perished (The History on the Net Group). Soldiers were devastated by the tragedies that occurred at the time of war. in time, before the war started there were a lot of causes that went into why everything ended up in war. World War Two began in September 1939 when Britain and France say war on Germany following Germanys incursion of Poland.The war was triggered by Germanys invasion of Poland but the causes of the war are far beyond this fact. After World War One had occurred Woodrow Wilson, the president of the United States of the States wanted to make a treaty on his four point plan to bring peace to Europe. Other countries involved in this treaty did not shed the same imagination as President Wilson. George Clemenceau wante d revenged. He wanted to make sure Germany would never be able to start a war again. When Germany received this treaty they were very surprised with the terms. The terms included, war guilt clause, which meant Germany accepted all the blame forWorld War One. Reparations, Germany had to pay millions in damage from the war. Disarmament, Germany could not have tanks or air force and land was taken away from them and given to other countries.The Germans were not happy with this treaty and thought of it as very harsh. However the Germans took responsibility and continued on in hope to blend in revenge later. In 1919, to help keep the world safe for democracy the League of Nations was castigate up. League of Nations would intend that if there were disagreements between countries they would negotiate rather than fight. The failure of the League of Nation can be summarized by points such as, not all countries joining in such as Germany as a punishment and Russia because of the spread of c ommunism. The League of Nations had no power or any army. Countries were hesitant to ticktack involved with an aggressive country and taking direct action against them. These things led to the fall of the League of Nations.People were angry because they did not want to cut score resources with other countries, even if they were aggressive because during the late 1920s depression hit most of them. The depression destroyed the market for imported silk from Japan, which had provided the country with two fifths of its trade income (The History on the Net Group). Economic problems played a fundamental part in the cause of World War 2. Germany, one of the poor countries became gamy in power and vulnerable. When Adolf Hitler came into power he immediately began placing blame on other countries and making Germany at the top of resources again. All these aspects lead to the start of World War two in Europe.As the war in Europe continued President Franklin D. Roosevelt told America he did not want to get involved. He thought it was better to stay neutral in this matter and let them handle their own battle. The United States decided to eventually join the war after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, however the issues had started years before Pearl Harbor was attacked. It starts with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, chinaware. The Japanese invade Manchuria on September 18th, 1931. China was in the middle of a depression, so the Japanese had the upper hand. When Russia found this out they were enraged meaning America was as well, being alliances with Russia. Also, the Japanese invading China violated the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 which renounced war as national policy (Ketchum).The United states told Japanif they dont get out of China, they would stop trading oil with them. Japan stayed in China so the U.S stopped trading oil. Japan disliked this and held a grudge on America for years. Besides this, The US was already trading with other countries through the Lend-Lea se Act, a document allowing the US to lend countries like Britain war materials in exchange for money. Germany was also angry that America was helping their enemies. As a result the Nazis decide to sink the U.S supply ships to help keep them from sending resources to other countries.However, President Roosevelt did not want to enter war until the attack of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii occurred. This pushed the United States into the war officially on December 8, 1941. Right after we entered the war Hitler declared war on the United States. Followed by a United States declaration of war against Germany, and then the United States was fully involved in the war. America did not want to go to war but when America was targeted they decided to counter attack, however they did not plan on going to war with Germany but formerly they did it lead to one of the biggest and bloodiest wars of all time in history.My grandfather, Edward Weil was lucky and un lucky enough to be able to experience World Wa r 2. As a veteran of war he tells me all his stories well-nigh what the war was like. The war was a very hard time. He tells me, it was rough but it also brought the nation closer together and Americas pride shined. When I asked my grandfather why he joined the war he has told me about the attack of tusk harbor and how everyone had to stand for the pledge of allegiance out of respect and when he put his hand to his heart a navy officer came up to him and told him, You would have a bun in the oven very good in a uniform. It really made my grandfather look at what he wanted to do and how he wanted to hold dear his nation. At the same time joining the war also impacted him in a negative way.During the war my grandfather was nervous but knew this was what he wanted to do. He saw the Japanese bomb his mother ship and his sailors being killed and put on the edge of the deck to take back and bury. These experiences get scarred into soldiers minds forever. They cannot escape what they sa w and those horrific actions done to one another. My grandfather was only 17 years old when he entered war. He wanted freedom and security for the American people.However, as a young teenage boy still the war affected his emotions and to this day it is stilla very stilted and emotional topic to him. During my interview with my grandfather as I talked about what he wished he could change about the war, he started to tear up and told me about all the people lost to the war and his friends. His ship pulled next to another ship while it was burning and the people were asking for help and they tried to celebrate as many people as they could. My grandfather even lost his left hearing due to the war. He is very proud to show his metals from the war and how he helped our nation. My grandfather is very proud to be a world war to veteran.

Pygmalion and Pretty Woman Essay

The relationship betwixt the texts you have studied and their respective cultural context is significant because it provides insight into the g everyplacenment agency determine have been maintained and changed. Discuss with reference to the text from the noncurrent and its appropriation.The intended hearing of both Pygmalion, by George Bernard Shaw and Pretty Woman, directed by Garry marshal was the mass of society at the time of composition. This is seen finished the choice of the form of severally text, Pygmalion is a play because in the early twentieth centaury this was the popular way of spreading ideas and Pretty Woman is a Hollywood film, a current form of mass media today. Because both texts were aimed at the majority of society they separately essential represent the views of their cultural context to be popular, which both texts proved to be. As both texts reflect the cultural views of the context they were composed in, a comparison of the cardinal provides a signi ficant insight into the way specific values have been maintained and changed over time.One of the main values explored in both texts is what each society believes to be the perfect woman. By comparing the way these women in both texts are presented, we are given an insight into the changing status of women over time.In English society in the early 1900s women were seen as inferior to men and were often stereotyped in the sense of the clothes they wore, how they r and how they presented themselves, rather than their personality. Womens inferiority is seen in Higgins and Elizas unequal relationship, Higgins is clearly presented as the master and owner of Eliza as he buys her from her father and treats her as a live doll. Eliza is almost objectified by Higgins, representing the sexism present in the 1900s. She is seen as the perfect woman by society only when she has been transformed to a dignified, sound spoken, beautiful lady of high society. This is seen through the differing reac tions to Eliza by the Eynsford Hill family when she is a flower girl, compared to when she is a duchess .The position of women in society has changed a great have sex over the lastcentaury and the contemporary post-feminist society is believed to provide and equal playing field for all. Women and men are seen as equals socially as well as by law and in the workforce. This is seen in the portrayal as Vivian as the heroine in the film who, although she is still beautiful, is individual, independent and has a certain instinctive intelligence, she is seen as ideal for these personal qualities.Another view explored in both texts is the complicated system of hierarchal social classes and bridging the gap or breaking the barrier between these classes.Late nineteenth early twentieth centaury English society had a rigid class system with the idea of upper, middle and lower classes that were based upon birthright. At the time Pygmalion was composed however, the system had begun to change as the growing middle class was beginning to rise up through the social hierarchy payable to wealth. This is portrayed in the play when Mr. Doolittle becomes rich and rises the ladder into middle class morality. Shaw is deeply satirical of these social classes as is seen in how Eliza can advantageously rise herself to upper class and her statement to Higgins at the end of the play of I had only to lift my finger to be as good as you clearly makes his view clear that the social barriers are superficial.Pretty Woman was written in the late 1980s, a decade known as the greed is good decade were social class was based solely upon wealth, apart from in the global community were both ethnicity and wealth both play a role. Social hierarchy is more(prenominal) flexible as any one can rise to what is seen as higher society through the gaining of money, not through the class they were born into.Prejudice between the classes is seen when the shop assistants refuse to serve Vivian on Rodeo dr ive. However as the movie is aimed at the all day clean American one typically of the middle class, mistreatment of wealth or greed is seen as a bad thing. Seen in the portrayal of Edwards work partner Stukie who because of his attempts to increment the size of his company and his unfaithfulness to his wife is seen as superficial and byEdwardss sad comment to Vivian we both screw people for money. The auditory modality instead sympathises with Vivian, who all though is of low class is still seen as the favoured character because of her personality. This demonstrates the modern disregard for social class, which is a value that has changed over the past one hundred years.The major observation that can be made of both texts and which demonstrates changing values over time is in the conclusion of each story. Shaw was determined to give Pygmalion an anti-romantic ending, meaning the play did not conclude as a romantic frivolity should, with the main female and male characters falling in love. His reasoning is that Eliza has achieved independence and no longer wishes to be seen as Higgins belonging, as well as that his relation to her is too godlike to be altogether pleasing. This reflects not only Shaws strongly feministic views but the need for more equal gender relationships at the time and the publics preferred choice of a more believable conclusion over a romantic one. Popular thinking at the time believed that people married within their class and Higginss judgment of dismissal of love as a life of the gutter demolishes any dream-like romantic world.The conclusion of Pretty Woman was specifically designed to suit the mass commercialize romantic comedy genre and to appeal to todays romance obsessed society. The conclusion of Vivian and Edward falling in love and meeting symbolically half(prenominal) way in the fire escape is a typically Hollywood ending and highly unrealistic. To make the movie popular with a wide audience Marshall has created a fairyta le ending when Vivian is rescued by her prince as she has always dreamed of. This constitutes the happy ending of a typical romantic comedy and reflects how todays media has moulded society into having idealistic romantic perceptions.Both texts were popular culture of their time and thus reflect the common ideals and values of the context in which they were created. By studying the relationships between each text and their cultural context we can compare both texts to reveal the way certain views, in this gaffe romanticism, the role of women and social classes, have changed over time.

Functional assessment of an elderly man at home Essay

According to NHS (2011), of age(p) people who have attained the age of 65 years and in a higher place usu tout ensembley spend an average of 10 hours and above daily sitting or lying d avow, making them the most sedentary group of people. Due to this app atomic number 18nt inactivity among the elderly, they are more prone to accidental falls, obesity, cardiovascular accidents, heart conditions and sudden death than the general population.In this interview, data was gathered from an elderly man in his early 80s through role of a semi-structured interview schedule that consisted of open-ended questions touching on the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and activities of daily living (ADL). The interview schedule provided an opportunity for the interviewer and interviewee to tackle the questions in detail through subdue probing.Before commencement of the interview, an in mixed baged have was obtained from the answerer where his anonymity and the confidentiality of th e information sought from him were assured. The interviewee was asked to sign a hope form if he agreed to take part in the interview. The RationaleTo ascertain that a person is able to independently live at home or community, the determination of the daily basic activities performed by the individual is necessary. These activities are referred to as Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). According to PayingForSeniorCare (2007), ADLs only serve as a yard measure of independence of individuals, whether or non they perform these basic activities on their own or get assistance.On the other hand, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) are the actions which are important but not a daily requirement for one to live independently. They usually used to determine what level of assistance is to be accorded to the elderly or disabled people in society.In the interview nschedule, three (3) ADLs and Three (3) IADLs were included. The ADLs included Bed mobility, Toileting, and Eating. The I ADLs were Responsibility for own medication, Housekeeping, and Ability to use telephone. These activities and actions were included in the interview because they testament in the very least point to the functional ability of the respondent given his advanced age.ADLs and IADLs are carried issue because Measuring an individuals ability to perform the ADLs and IADLs is important not just in determining the level of assistance required but as a metric for a variety of services and programs related to caring for the elderly and for those with disabilities (PayingForSeniorCare (2007, p. 1). Ethical considerationsAccording to Fouka and Mantzorou (2011, p. 3), inquiry ethics involve requirements on daily work, the protection of dignity of subjects and the publication of the information in the search. Research ethics are a set of principles that guide detectives and research organizations on how to conduct themselves when transaction with research participants, other researchers and c olleagues, the users of their research and society in general. Among the ethical issues taken into consideration in research include 1. Informed consentInformed consent is a major ethical issue in carrying out research. According to Armiger (1997), the participant must knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently, and in a clear and unmingled way, give his/her consent. Informed consent confers autonomy to the respondent hence they are protected through self-determination. Through informed consent, the participants integrity, in-person liberties and frankness are protected from violation by researchers.Informed consent enables individuals participate in research voluntarily after they have been provided with information on the potency risks and realizes of the research. Free and informed consent should incorporate an introduction to the study, its purpose, an explanation of the selection of the subjects and the procedures that shall be followed. It is essential to describe either physical suffering or discomfort, any invasion of privacy and any threat to dignity as well as how the subjects will be compensated in that case. 2. Beneficence- do not molestThis principle ensures that researchers exercise a professional mandate to carry out significant and effective research so as to serve and promote the wellbeing of the population. A researcher must consider all possible consequences of the research and balance the risks with proportionate benefit. The type, degree, and number of potential risks must be assessed and the risk benefit ratio can only be achieved by identifying these factors. If the risks outweigh the benefits, the study should be revised.It is important that debriefing of the participants is done at the end of the study. Debriefing refers to explaining the engage aim of the study and why certain disclosures were not done. According to Burns and Grove (2005) if the subjects experienced a high level of discomfort, they should be debriefed or refe rred to provide professional intervention as necessary. 3. Respect of anonymity and confidentialityConfidentiality and anonymity are closely refered with the rights of beneficence. The protection of anonymity is achieved when the researcher does not link a participants personal responses and his/her identity. The management of private information of the respondents must be ensured by the researcher in order to protect the participants identity. Confidentiality representation that individuals can give and/or withhold as much information as they wish to the person they choose. 4. Respect of privacyPrivacy is the freedom exercised by an individual in determining the time, extent, and general circumstances under which private information will be shared with or withheld from others. Therefore, private information shall not be shared with others without the knowledge of the participant. According to Treece and Treece (1982), a researcher must respect a decision by a respondent who cons iders reporting personal information a violation of privacy.Fauka and Mantzorou (2011, p. 7) state that this may even apply to report of age, income, marital status, and other details that the subject may regard intimate. They likewise imply that privacy can be invaded when researchers study certain groups without their knowledge and without identifying themselves. 5. Concerns of vulnerable group of peopleVulnerable group of people are the individuals who are unable to protect their own rights and welfare. Opinion is still divided as to whether they should be included in research studies or not due to their softness to give informed consent. They include prisoners, mentally ill people, the aged and children among others. They need further protection for they are vulnerable to being deceived, threatened or force to participate in research studies they have no idea about.According to Burns and Grove (2005), the vulnerability of these individuals increases the need for justification for the use of such subjects in research studies. 6. Honesty, objectivity, integrity, legality and competenceIt is important to maintain honesty in research undertakings. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Avoid any fabrication, falsification, or misrepresentation of data. Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public. To maintain objectivity, the researcher must avoid bias in study designs, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, power decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research. Integrity should be ensured through keeping of promises and agreements.The researcher must act with sincerity, and maintain consistency of thought and action. Every researcher must ensure and improve his/her own professional competence and expertise through li felong education and learning and steps must be taken towards the promotion of competence in science as a whole. Research studies are guided by the relevant rules and regulations that must be adhered to at all times, whether institutional or governmental. Research ethics play important roles in research studies as they 1. Bring about respect for and cause no harm to the participants 2. They are a professional requirement in research studies3. They are a requirement in obtaining funding for research undertaking 4. They ensure that research studies are conducted within the ethical guidelines provided by the Ethics Committee 5. Ensures that the research findings are acceptable to the research community and the public Intervieweecurrent IADL/ADL investsAccording to Quinn et al. (2011), elderly individuals usually present with acute and chronic problems that adversely affect function, often defined by functional decline and loss of independence. This might eventually add to institution al care for such individuals. The decreased function may be a pointer to occult pathologies which lead to increased mortalities (Schumacher, 2005).From the interview, it was found out that the respondent had limited capacity in carrying out daily activities. For instance, in determining the ADLs, in bed mobility, he needed other than two persons physical assist, had a limited physical assistance in toileting and limited assistance when take in. His actions too were limited as he scored lowly in IADLs.For instance, in responsibility for own medication, he only takes medication when it is prepared in advance and in right dosages, he answers the telephone only and cannot dial by himself, and finally he does not participate in any form of housekeeping. The respondents attributed all this to poor memory, fast failing eyesight, affliction by arthritis and advanced age. ConclusionElderly individuals are afflicted by many ailments that lead to poor health, and as a consequence they are usu ally unable to undertake simple tasks that are accommodate towards maintaining good health. It is therefore imperative that functional assessment are done on such persons in order to put in place appropriate strategies that can help them lead at least normal lives. Therefore, ADLs and IADLs are important towards this end and can help determine the kind of care to be provided to elderly individuals. This can be in the form of institutional care, family and friends care giving.ReferencesArmiger, B. (1997). Ethics in Nursing Research Profile, Principles, Perspective. Nursing Research, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 330-333. Burns, N & Grove, S. (2005). The practice of nursing research Conduct, critique, and utilization (5th ed.), St. Louis, Mo Elsevier/ Saunders. Fauka, G &Mantzorou, M. (2011). What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? Is there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing? Health Science Journal, 5(1), pp. 3-14. NHS (2011). The importance of e xercise as you get older. Retrieved from http//www.nhs.uk. Quinn, J, McArthur, Ellis, G & Stott, J. (2011). Functional assessment of older people. BMJ. inside doi http//dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4681Schumacher, J. (2005). Emergency medicine and older adults continuing challenges and opportunities. Am J Emerg Med, 23 pp. 556-60. Treece, E & Treece, J. (1982). Elements of research in Nursing. St-Louis Mosby.AppendixAppendix AInformed consent letterMy name is ., an undergraduate student at .. University carrying out a study on the importance of ADLs and IADLs. All information provided in this study will be treated with confidentiality and your identity shall not be disclosed. All information provided in this study will be treated with confidentiality and your identity shall not be disclosed. The participation in this study is on voluntary basis, and therefore you are free to accept or decline to take part in the study. Your cooperation shall be of great importance in achieving this goal. If you agree to take part in this study, please append only your signature below ____________________________________ ______________________ Respondent Signature appointeeInterviewer signature DateAppendix BInterview schedulePart 1 ADLs1. How will you describe your ability to move in bed turn you lie on it? Anydifficulties? 2. Please describe your ability to use the washrooms. Any important information worthy noting? 3. Can you please describe to me your eating habits? Are you able to cut chew and swallow food independently or with supervision?Part 2 IADLs1. Are you responsible for taking your medications? Yes No If NO in the above question, please explain.2. Do you perform housekeeping chores?3. How will you describe your use of the telephone? any reasons for that?

Shayla Smith

Summer Swimming Incident Shayla Smith stayed a few nights of summer vacation with her friend, Tamara, whose mammary gland and Dad, Bob and Susan Tuttle, took Shayla and their daughter, Tamara, camping. Shaylas mom was happy for the break, as Shayla is dyslexic, and that has caused her to shed a difficult time at school. Consequently, she acts out, and is a handful for her single mom The camp is sm totally, just now has a fun mini-golf game, hiking trails, and has a pool, but no diving board, and no life buoy it is a sand- commode pool, fed by an artesian good, so it is clean, but murky.The owners, Owen and dolly Jones, who own and operate the campground, dont have any security on the premises because they are a mom and pop operation, and the campers all come back year after year. The business firm out front says, Everyones family at the O & D Family Campground Tamaras family was looking for a summer spot to which they can return year after year, so they gave the O & D a try this year. The first morning after arriving, the 2 10 year-old girls arrive at the pool at about 930, even though it is not supposed to open for another half hour, according to the sign at the entrance.Tamara dove into the pool, and said, Ow Its modify here, but it is warm Come on in Shayla yelled, What? and dove in right next to Tamara, but she hit bottom and broke her arm. Tamara saved her from drowning by pulling her to the side of the pool, and then helping her out to the bank. They call out for Tamaras parents, who came out and immediately called the ambulance. Owen and Dolly returned from breakfast in town, and rushed into the pool area before the ambulance even arrived.Tamaras mom wondered why the pool was not marked as shallow on that end, but Dolly says they put up the signs every morning when they get ready to officially open the pool, plus the pool is sand bottom and relatively soft anyway. Shaylas family wants to sue Tamaras parents for negligent supervision, as wel l as the campground for negligence. Writing Assignment 1 Post-Interview Memorandum This week, you should be working on your Post-Interview Memorandum. In most cases, paralegals are responsible for dictating memoranda to clients files that summarize information obtained during interviews.Depending on a particular firms preference, the summary may be in narrative or outline form. Post-interview memoranda should be prepared immediately after an interview, when details and notes remain familiar and fresh in your mind. thither are typically five parts to a memorandum (1) preamble, (2) description of the clients problem (Issue) (3) evaluation of the client (4) discussion of the relevant facts (5) conclusions and recommendations about the case. You will be writing a post-interview memorandum and submitting it in unit of measurement 3.The memo will be based primarily on the facts given in the fact scenario (first introduced in Unit 1) and on your own impression of the case. Additionally, y ou will interview Shayla and her mom, Mary Smith, in the Unit 2 seminar. Your instructor will play the roles of the witnesses. If you believe you will need additional facts, you should create a section in the memo that describes the other information you will need. See the sample post-interview memorandum below, as well as the description that follows it.Also see the Sample Interview Summary based on your sign interview of Mary Smith, Shaylas mom. The seminar interview will be your initial meeting with Shayla and your follow-up interview of Mary. Client Evaluation (Preamble) Evaluation of Mary Smith Date 6-1-2008 Put Issue here Client Impression Mary Smith is the start out of the injured child, Shayla. She is Caucasian, weighs approximately 150 lbs. , and is 52. She has a full head of dark brown hair worn at shoulder length.Mary is a secretary in a small insurance agency and is dressed professionally in a black suit. Mary was cooperative during the interview and was very responsiv e to my questions. However, she did not bring in any documentation though we had requested her medical bills, etc. Mary repeatedly asked me how long the case would take and mentioned her large bills from Shaylas fortuity several times. Mary is a single mother, and Shaylas father is not really in the picture and provides no financial support for Shaylas care. Mary does not have any kind of insurance.I found Mary to be a nice-looking woman though a bit frazzled. She was articulate but talked a little loudly. I think she would make a good impression on a judge or jury, but she is a little anxious to score the loose one for Shaylas injuries. Put Facts Here Fact Questions Where is the campground located? Who was supervising Shayla and Tamara? What is the layout of the pool? How deep and large is it? Were there any signs around the pool? Is there a lifeguard on duty? Have there been previous incidences at this campground pool?I am not sure Mary and Shayla have a viable case, as more inv estigation is needed. Recommend that we do the following fact development More contact with client regarding bills and treatment Interviews with all witnesses, including ambulance forcefulness Obtain information about the campground, the pool, and any warning signs Obtain all medical records put short conclusion here Submit your paper to the Dropbox by the end of Unit 3. For additional help, view Power Point Presentation on legal memoranda below.

Law Enforcement Essay

Policing as historically been a reactive enterprise. Law enforcement efforts are focused on responding to citizen request for service. Policing at the state and local level is structured to meet the demands for service. Ideas such as federation policing as s salubrious as problem oriented policing render attempted to move policing into a proactive, future-oriented process. Policing leave behind be greatly impacted by the rapid changing cultural dynamics of our communities. The most operative trend allow continue to be the utilization of technology to constabulary enforcement manifest in approximately every aspect of policing.The technology we currently have benefactored solve many crimes, prevent crimes, and facilitate crimes that have yet to be committed. The quick growth of technology continues to increase the weakness and fear, giving criminals new shipway to commit crimes and police new tools to s carousel them. As neighborhood as considerably as medicate crimes has slowed down a new wave of crime such as terrorism, internet as well as hacker crimes as taken the fore front. The tech savvy generation that is now appear, entrust become even to a greater extent tech crime knowledgeable. Law enforcement agencies will be dealing with smarter criminals.As police agencies make basic changes in gathering, accessing, communicating, as well as sharing information. constabulary memorial tablet will be at the center of system development and management. Technology will establish a very quick changing social environment to which law of nature enforcement officers will have to adjust. This could lead to law enforcement officers who are non accustomed with or who pratnot grip technology use to have to retire in front their time or be passed up for any promotions. Technology will grant essential policing methods, structure, as well as process that law enforcement will have to create, incorporate, as well as learn.The 21st century has put policing int o a whole new mi finesseu one, in which the causes of crime often lie outside the immediate community, demanding new as well as innovative approaches from law enforcement. Law enforcement has been final result video cameras as well as other great technology to help them command higher(prenominal) crime areas in the communities. The decrease is cost and the increase in quality of technology in surveillance cameras, accompanied with a greater public acceptance of street surveillance, will push the trend towards more cameras.Though possibly the trend has subside, the public has become tolerant of privateness because of what chance on the 2001 terrorist attacks as well as following terrorist efforts made police realize that they need to understand the foundation in communities. There are a number of things that can affect the future of policing. It can be seen as a negative or a positive. Future policing in part will rely upon on the kind of society being policed as well as the soci al, economic and political realities. Policing has been seen as a slow-to-change subculture because of how fast technology continues to rotate.It is difficult to image how law enforcement will be able to cope with the emerging complexity of combating terrorism as well as internet crimes. While at the same time, act to keep crime at a low rate in the communities. The possibility that law enforcement officers will not be able to keep up with the change of time of terrorism, cybercrime, technology was seen as the top leading serious threat. Another foreseen danger in the eyes of law enforcement is the misuse of power as well as abuse of authority by the men and women in charge.Aggressive policing and racial pen could undermine the public trust with law enforcement officers. Un adequate law enforcement lacking leadership or a sense of public service also poses a very large threat to police. The threat is police enforcing the law as well as providing service that is managed by unqualif ied or under qualified person in control. Leadership occupies an important role towards the success or failure of every organization. Police performance affects by policing because of the lack of police on the force verses the high number of police that was in the past.This affects the number of police that is out protecting the community, stopping the high volume of crime we face directly as well as the future ahead. Law enforcement agencies will have to adapt as well as change quickly, embrace technology and analyze emerging trends in communities. Another issue that can affect policing in the future is funding. Without the funding we would not be able to keep up with the advanced criminals if we cannot afford the equipment we need to keep up with them and stop them from committing these types of crimes.Most law nforcement department budgets are not big enough to get the latest equipment to campaign crime as well as be unable to service the community fully. Some of the technolog y may seem like an invasion of privacy that can lead to a lawsuit but this type of technology can help fight crime. The changes that need to be made to effectively address these critical issues Officers need more extended fosterage and yearly workshops to keep them up to date on the latest crimes of criminals to deter them from continuing the crimes weather thither street crimes or cybercrimes.Reorganizing the way they fight crime can help them out a lot. Cooperation of law enforcement of all levels along with coordination with other agencies will be necessary to deal with crime that crosses jurisdiction. Internet crimes and offenses as well as terrorism are examples of such. Local police need to be more alive(predicate) of what happen on and around their beat, the more they are aware the less bad things can happen in the community they patrol. They can keep the public safe and at peace.Law enforcement needs a bigger budget, to get all the latest equipment to keep up with the hi-t ech criminal. This funding will help in the capture of the criminal who uses technology to commit crimes. It is believe that the added high tech spyware as well as the increase in surveillance can greatly help out other law enforcement departments as well as homeland security if necessary. Excellent technological knowledge, great educate and skilful officers as well as leaders, and better community ties were seen by most as the significant promises in the future of policing.If there is a willingness of law enforcement agencies to work together, communicate, and share information with all jurisdictions and levels of government it would be a better working relationship that can benefit everyone. Great partnership with the community, improved technology, and ethical, educated employees is a good way to start for a policing future. You need to body-build relationships in order to build power to fight the crime and terrorism. It would be a more productive fight against crime if everyon e was on the same page.

A reason why international diversification increases

outside(a) diversification can be understood as the expansion of a firm Into different countries and geographic regions. This expansion offers firms various advantages like the tryation of opportunities aboard, economies of scale, sharing of core competencies, and accomplishment. Learning is a key federal agent of the efficient development of new capabilities. Learning itself is fostered by diverse experiences. This shows the connection to International diversification, hence operate in diverse environments (countries/geographical regions) Increases the Intensity and frequency f events and Ideas to which a firm is exposed.Anyway, it Is nousable whether schooling through diverse experiences leads ultimately to capabilities that increase profit of a international diversified firm. To assess this question I am going to emphasize a few arguments that support and contradict this statement. On the unity hand, managers and workers who prevail experiences In diverse environments at omic number 18 more productive than employees who dont have such experiences. This is mainly because these employees have a broader regularise of experiences and an spot and solve problems more easily than employees with a narrow view.Furthermore, an organization that operates in several countries has a wide range of subsidiaries from that it can learn. These subsidiaries provide access to a wide range of new ideas and new practices that give rise to innovation and lead to increased technological capabilities. In addition, firms which last out In their domestic country as well as In their mall Industry suit similar threats and opportunities and develop ordinary methods to handle them. Thus, they have relatively narrow experiences and heir methods and capabilities also operate to be narrower because they gift a limited set of challenges.These limitations wont affect the firm in the short status but I believe that it decreases the performance of the firm in the long run. On the other hand, firms that want to enter a foreign market tend to start with cultural close countries at first. As these firms become experienced, they begin to expand in cultural distant markets. Thus, many firms dont face such enormous learning opportunities because they prefer cultural close countries which are similar to their mom country.Furthermore, firms dont have to be internationally diversified to encounter learning opportunities. It is also possible to learn from foreign suppliers or foreign customers. Therefore, peerless crucial aspect Is how learning processes are Implemented and lived In organizations. This depends, among other things, on how the firm and its subsidiaries are organized. A firm that leads its subsidiaries/ geographical regions/product divisions as a strategic holding exploits less learning opportunities because it manages its subsidiaries just by financial indicators.In entrant, if a firm manages its subsidiaries as an operative holding it intervenes in the day-to-day business to seize synergies and learning opportunities. Hence, cross- border learning has to overcome organizational constrains. That international diversified firms face more possibilities to learn and develop new capabilities that increase profitability but this doesnt imply that they always go by non international diversified firms. International diversified firms have to create settings that facilitate and nurture cross-border learning to exploit the diverse opportunities they face in foreign countries.