Management In The News

Management is a way of creating, stirring, accessing and reusing knowledge to accomplish organization goals.Infosy’s works with you to build the appropriate knowledge management framework and processes as well as identifying technological solutions for establishing sound knowledge management system and processes .Inforsy’s won the prestigious Global most admirarable knowledge enterprise (M.A.K.E.) Award for the year 2003 validating infosy’s leadership in knowledge management. Knowledge is our most valuable resource and infosy’s process for knowledge management ensure that projects team derive the most out of knowledge for good management. Good management operates at three levels; Organization level, project level and accounts level. As decision makers in the health care business, you grapple with challenges, imperatives and trade offs that are shaping the competitive   dynamics of the industry. How can administrative costs and overheads are controlled while improving patient’s service and overall efficiency. How can health care are made more consumer centered without adding to delivery costs. How can spiraling IT costs be raised in so that resources are available for making new investments in technology to create competitive leadership capabilities. For the last 25 years Infosy’s has been working with payers, producers, and PMBs to help them become more competitive. As new stake holders such as RHIOs and NHEs emerge, we are synthesizing our knowledge in heath care and technology to offer new solutions. Our dedicated health care practice includes more than 200 professionals. (Tichy and Cohen, 1997) There are three secrets on management; One minute objective setting, One minute praising and one minute reprimand. The ABCs that’s Activators, i.e. actions taken by managers before some can accomplish a goal.Behaviour, i.e. what the person says or does and Consequences. Empowerment Authorizing employees to do there work without the need to seek approval from superiors. Give a sense of responsibility and achievement to employee. Manager’s Role Managers in a health organization have a variety of roles. (Manfred David Mann) in a short sway on the role of managers under participative and authoritarian style of management covers decision making and basic characteristics of style. Managers do as they are told to do .They help in transiting orders (work responsibility is delegated). Managers coordinate own groups work with that of the group in which he’s a surboninate.Decision making are made at the top and hence ensure participation in decision making at all levels. Managers also help in directing and managing change i.e. overcome problems of size and hence management effectiveness can be raised by 20-30 %. Managers normally plan ahead, find best strategies, decide and implement projects, they agree on targets and objectives, monitor and control progress, evaluate performance and carryout appraisals. Managers in proper organization. Discuss the role and responsibilities of managers in different circumstances. (Kotter, 1996) Management / Motivation Theory Management theories describe several approaches to management and distinguish its leadership and management. Scientific management (Fredrick W Taylor, 1900’s).Each task scientifically and rationally optimized to improve productivity e.g. shoveling coal, optimum shovel size, best service and ideal coal size and type. Ford motor company embraced Tailors work in production lines, high wages, lines moved increasingly quickly, workers could stand the pace for only a couple of years, many other ready to take there place. Bureaucracy (Max Weber’s 1920’s). The need to achieve consistency gave rise to need for rules and regulations. All tasks routine, each person expert, all transactions written. Said regular activities distributed as fixed official duties, all activities follow the organizational hierarchy, operations receive equal treatment under consistent system of abstract rules, official separate as formalistic personalities without becoming emotionally involved. (Kotter, 1996) Human relations (Hawthorne experiments).   Elton Mayo 1930’s and 40’s   experiments with consulting workers about work place lighting levels improved productivity for both experimental and control groups. Similar experiments found productivity always improved no matter what one changed. In conclusion, people are not the rational and economic beings assumed by classical theory. Social interaction is important and people work well if they feel valued. Motivation. The hierarchy of needs (A H Maslow, 1950’s and 60’s came up with five stages, biological (hunger, warmth and rest), safety (protection from danger), socialization (love, affection and avilliation), self esteem (autonomy, dignity and respect), and self actualization (realize our potential through competence, creativity and achievement. (Tichy and Cohen, 1997) Complex man theory looked at people from economic, social and selfactualisation.All these approaches may be considered too realistic i.e. no single management style can succeed in improving the performance of all workers. The motives of an individual may be extremely complex and reliable and to change over time. A high level of satisfaction does not necessary lead to increased production. Management by objectives is fundamental. Strategic management, setting objectives for staff and accessing achievements, decentralization, managing in turbulent times, preparing to deal with sudden changes and take advantage of new situations. (Tichy and Cohen, 1997) Problem Resolution All organizations have objectives-goals to meet-but rarely a technique in place to meet those objectives. Sum Total by business goals through there work with many large and small companies see recurring business problems that crop up frequently hence provide best solutions. They have created and refined a performance, learning and knowledge management platform that strengthens talents. The following can be solutions to management, talent management, extended enterprise, channel effectiveness, regulatory compliance, operational proficiency, customer education and call customer   service and solutions For good management qualified staff must be used and especially with experience, recruitment must be used at the right time without any sort of corruption, unions must be formed and trustful leaders chosen, in case of any reorganization, it should be fair and all members involved, proper budgeting should be done, incase of promotions it should be done fairly. (Kotter, 1996) Reference Kotter, J. P. (1996): Leading Change. Harvard Business School Press, September 1996 Tichy, N. M. and Cohen, E.B. (1997): The Leadership Engine: How Winning Companies Build Leaders at Every Level. Harper Business, November 1997.                                                                     

Aviatin Policy

Airline Policy & Strategy Assessment 1 Academic Year 2012-2013 Formulating Analysing & Researching Policy The first assessment for this module asks you to deconstruct a piece of tourism policy. It draws directly on the research paradigm outlined by Fidgeon & Ritchie (2005). In addition it develops the self-directed activities you have been recommended to undertake in your study pack together with our work in lectures and tutorials. As a consequence you should be familiar with all of the tasks being assessed in this exercise.Before you launch into the assessment, read the policy document you have been given thoroughly. In addition the assessment also requires that you find some additional detailed information. Check that you have it to hand. Engage with the literature here. This requires you to reference material and include this in a bibliography at the back of this assessment You have seven weeks to complete this task. The deadline for submission is 12 noon on Friday 22nd March 2013 . Answer in the space provided below each question.Alternatively if you wish you can replicate the assessment on your own PC and submit a word processed version. Completed scripts should be submitted to the Faculty Office (TC375) with an accompanying cover sheet. An electronic copy of your work should also be submitted through Turn-it-in by the same date and time. Remember, this should be treated as an individual task. Identical scripts will be treated as plagiarism and will be dealt with accordingly. This exercise will count as the equivalent of 40% to your overall assessment mark. If there are any problems see me at the end of your lecture or tutorial or lternatively make an appointment to see me at a mutually convenient time. Paul Fidgeon February 2013 Task 1. Tourism policy can be conceptualised as an integrated set of components. The first step in this process is to understand what you can do and what is legally, ethically and politically acceptable (the developmental philosoph y). To this end, what underlying philosophies have influenced this policy and how? Identify five here. — Task 2 From an understanding of the socio-economic and political parameters that influence a piece of policy it is possible to come up with a vision.With reference to the literature identify what is visioning? Provide an example of a vision statement from your policy document. (Note it may be necessary to read between the lines if this is not immediately obvious. ) Why is it necessary to undertake such an exercise? According to Meadows(2004) visioning means taking off the constraints of ‘’feasibility’’, of disbelief and past disappointments, letting your mind dwell upon its most noble, uplifting, treasured dreams. To ensure sufficient hub capacity is in place to handle forecast aircraft and passengers, with improved resilience.Heathrow has taken steps towards becoming Europe’s hub of choice. The capital investment programme has modernised Heathrow to provide a better experience for its passengers. Heathrow’s ASQ score, an internationally benchmarked survey measure of passenger satisfaction, has been improved from 3. 43 in 2007 to 3. 88 in 2011. It achieved its highest ever score of 3. 92 in the survey for the first quarter of 2012 which continues to position Heathrow as one of Europe’s leading hubs, with the airport ranking first among the five largest airports in Europe on 15 of 33 survey measures.Task 3 Any vision will always be influenced by the mission statement of the company or organisation responsible for formulating that policy. Identify the mission statement of this company/organisation. To give safety and security the highest priority at all times by systematically assessing and managing our safety and security risks through audited, best practice management systems. Task 4 Any policy will include a statement of what it hopes to achieve i. e. its aims. Outline any five policy aims taken direct ly from your policy document. 1. Terminal 2 Replacement.Which will have a satellite pier T2B, with 16 boarding gates catering for the largest aircraft. It will also have an energy centre that will be built with sustainability at its heart. 2. Airport Capacity Optimisation: To optimise capacity within the constraint of 480,000 ATMs. The western campus A380 stands projects will increase T3/T4 A380 capability in preparation for anticipated additional A380 aircraft. 3. Portfolio of projects: Encompasses the wider set of capital projects outside the major strategic business change programmes. It includes regulatory compliance, environment and safety. 4.IT/ Systems: The programme implements technology which reduces operating costs and delivers improved value to Heathrow’s business, airline and passenger stakeholders. Projects include: IT Security, Radio and Cellular infrastructure and Integrated Baggage IT. 5. Western Baggage product: The T3 Integrated Baggage System will replace t he life expired baggage infrastructure in Terminal 3. The project will provide the Terminal 3 airline community with a modern baggage facility, it will also improve minimum connect times and miss connect rates. Task 5 How will these aims be operationalised? i. e. ut into practice. (Note one sentence is all that is needed here) –Mission statement is to make every journey better. Task 6 Outline five demand and five supply orientated strategies found in your policy document. Demand Strategies 1. Balance capacity across the LHR campus 2. Be prepared for growth in A380 traffic 3. Protect Heathrow reputation 4. Minimising the effect of capacity constraints at Heathrow 5. Support argument for future Capacity at LHR by delivery of Environmental Benefit Supply strategies 1. New model line 2. Terminal five transfers Add security Lanes 3. T3 South Wing HVAC Replacement . Way finding strategy Initiative 5. Terminal five early bag store capacity increase Task 7 Clearly some ‘entityà ¢â‚¬â„¢ (i. e. body or organisation) must be designated with the responsibility for writing, co-ordinating and implementing any policy document. In the case of this policy, who has such responsibility? How do they envisage conducting their role(s)? For example, will they take total responsibility for the document and its content or will they designate certain responsibilities? – A comprehensive structure is in place to engage with the airline community on the Q5 programme and beyond.The Joint Steering Team (JST) provides a forum for cross campus consultation and is attended by representatives from the home based carriers, the alliances, IATA and the AOC. The Information Technology (IT)/Systems scope is covered by three separate portfolios; Airport Operational Systems, Infrastructure Renewal and Business Planning and Support Solutions The management and allocation of PSDH funds is governed through the Joint Steering Team (JST). Task 8 Finally we used the term stakeholder for a ny person who seeks to influence the policy making process.Give some examples of the stakeholders who influenced this policy document. How were they involved? (How did they get their views across? ) Were they successful in influencing policy decisions? Again it will be necessary to engage with the wider literature here to fully answer this question. Hall( 2002) states that anyone who can influence the process of making policy individual, group, political party, preserve group. The Surface Access Stakeholder Programme Board was formed in November 2009, the programme Board meets on a quarterly basis and is chaired by the Heathrow Surface Access Project Manager.The purpose is to ensure airlines and key stakeholders are engaged with the Programme objectives and delivery, so that the objectives are achieved.. it provides stakeholders with an overview of all solutions in the programme to assure alignment and also demonstrate compliance with the CAA Q5 CIP settlement Annex G. The principal interfaces associated with this programme are many and cover the breadth of the existing Capital Delivery Programmes right through to the CAA.These interfaces are centrally about the development of information upon which the Q6 Capital Investment Plan will be based. These interfaces are therefore central to this programme being successful. Internally the team will be leveraging the appointed business unit Champions in identifying and generating effective engagement with key areas of the business. Externally key airline stakeholders will have a significant part to play. External sub groups are focusing on the development and review of key concepts as part of the development of the Q6 Capital Investment Plan.Mark Allocation In planning your time you might find it useful to consult the following table. This outlines the allocation of marks attached to each element of this assessment. Obviously spend the most time on those questions with the greatest number of marks. Task 1 10 marks Ta sk 2 5 marks Task 3 2 marks Task 4 5 marks Task 5 1 mark Task 6 10 marks Task 7 7 marks Task 8 10 marks Total 50 marks Airline & Airport Policy Module code: TH60052E Module Leader: Paul Fidgeon Student Name: 21067373

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 34

Discussion - Assignment Example This process has been happening naturally as man interacts with the environment. Darwin proves his theory through the size of the brain. Early man had a small brain size approximately 425 cm 3 compared to modern man. Through the fossil records and process of carbon dating, it is easy to follow up the origin of man. The DNA of apes shows a close relationship with that of humans indicating that human beings must have had their origin from apes. Darwin also uses evidence of evolved tools to prove his theory of evolution using fossil records. The early man used sharp stone tools and iron tools. This is evident from data collected by Darwin in caves where the early man lived. According to many anthropologists, man has just evolved recently during the last 50, 000 years providing fresh evidence on evolution. The change in technology, language, culture, and specialized lithic technology has changed gradually changed human

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Research paper - Essay Example They proposed the need for a deception theory that could offer some explanation on how deceivers and detectors interact with each other during deception, how deceivers strategically lie, how deceivers and detectors mutually affect each other’s strategies, and how the situation further shapes the deception exchange (Griffin, 2009, p.99). They called this theory the Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT), which they developed during the 1990s. IDT has 18 propositions that generally assume that interpersonal communication is interactive, and that strategic deception requires significant mental effort of being aware of unconscious nonverbal cues that may signal their real state of mind (also called leakage) (Griffin, 2009, p.100). The purpose of the paper is to describe and to examine IDT’s theoretical conditions and standards. It employs a number of scholarly articles and Griffin’s (2009) book, A First Look at Communication Theory, to analyze the strengths and limitations of IDT as a communication theory. IDT is socio-psychological theory in objective territory. IDT is a good communication theory because it generally satisfies the six standards of good objective theories, though with some limitations. IDT cannot fully explain underlying mechanisms; it is complex and not parsimonious; and it cannot predict various other deceptive strategies and interactions. The main authors of IDT are David Buller and Judee Burgoon. They are both professors of Communication at the University of Arizona. They defined deception as â€Å"a message knowingly transmitted by a sender to foster a false belief or conclusion by the deceiver† (Griffin, 2009, p.98). They assumed that deception is not a one-way process because detectors’ relationships with deceivers and how they react to the latter during the deception process impact the strategic maneuvering and success of deceivers (Levine et al.,

Henri Fayol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Henri Fayol - Essay Example Organizing is the next step of management after planning. The materials or resources required for the project must identified at the planning stage itself which should be arranged at the organizing stage. The next step is to co-ordinate between different players of the project. For example, different types of works may be required for a project which may be done partly at different places. There should be a co-ordination between the members of the project in order to ensure the success of the project. The manager must act as a link in the co-ordination process. Commanding and controlling are the last step in management action. If the project is done partly at different places, nobody, except the manger knows about the final outcome of the project. So commanding and controlling of the project must be done by the manager. For example, in tire manufacturing industry, various parts of the tire, tread, beads, plies, etc. are manufacturing at different places of the plant. These parts have different specifications for different types of tires like car tire truck tire etc. The manager is the only person who has better idea about which tire should be manufactured with priority and for that purpose which parts need to be manufactured at other locations. Based on that, he has to advice the workers at different sections like bead section, tread section, and ply section. â€Å"Henri Fayol, an advocate of the experimental method, built his administrative theory from his experiences† (Wren). Today’s managers heavily depend on academic credentials for solving problems. They are totally wrong. They must realize that as in the case of every other segment of life, practice makes a person perfect. No academy or institution can give us readymade solutions for everyday problems face by the mangers. Education can only guide a manager to arrive at conclusions rather than taking decisions. Decisions of managers must be custom made for the organization he is working

Workplace violence and bullying Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Workplace violence and bullying - Research Paper Example In simplified terms, workplace violence is in physical forms and workplace bullying is in psychological forms. Workplace bullying is also part of workplace violence. Because of possible overlapping of discussion and there is yet no internationally recognized definition for workplace violence, this paper intends to treat the two terms interchangeably. However, difference between the two is to be recognized as strategies to prevent them may have to be in varying degrees (Barron, 2013). Workplace violence and bullying has been recognized since 1990s as an organizational misbehavior or rather misbehavior in organizations. Organization misbehavior is a deliberate act on the part of the members in an organization that challenge and breach of organizational norms and expectations and/or core values of society, mores and standards of conduct which are fertile grounds for workplace bullying. It can be a workplace aggression or misbehavior or a parallel occurrence that is not subordinate or identical. Incivility which is a low-level violation of organizational conduct can turn into bullying overtime (Fritz, 2013). Bullying is characterized by frequency of the behavior, imbalance of power between the bully and victim, and hostile working conditions. Bullying has been defined as an aggressive behavior aimed at causing physical or psychological attack on others (Lipinski, Albright, & Fenclau, 2013). The book The Harassed Worker is the earliest study of workplace bullying by the psychiatrist Carol Brodsky in the 1970s by interviewing over 1,000 workers from California and Nevada who were making workers’ compensation claims but no interest was shown towards the book. It was only in 1980s that workplace bullying began to be studied by nursing professor Helen Cox who examined the abuse suffered by her nursing students at the hands of staff nurses in her institution leading to quitting the nursing

The Major Social, Economic and Technological Changes between 1865 Essay

The Major Social, Economic and Technological Changes between 1865 and1895 - Essay Example African Americans, for instance, were enslaved and forced to work in white farms as well as industries without pay. This hampered them from making most of their economic development. However, this came to an end with the abolition of the southern slavery in 1865. Since then, African Americans have made tremendous progress in terms of development both socially and economically as noted by Finkelman (437). Economic ChangesIn the period under discussion, farming became intensified as agriculture became highly valued in the society. These changes can be attributed to the organizations that were formed to unite farmers at the national and state levels. There was also the Dawes Act (1887) which decides to break up Native American tribe by giving them land. Also, in the same period, more industries grew up during this period as trade increased. This was also as a result of literate population who became more innovative. Industrial growth was also intensified by agriculture.Technological cha ngesRailway transport highly improved due to the new technological inventions in the latter part of the 19th century. For instance, the invention of air breaks by George Westinghouse increased the safety of railway transport. In addition, the invention of Janney car couplers made it possible for railroad workers to connect cars. Communication also improved following the invention of the typewriter in 1868 by Christopher Sholes, according to Nash and Smith (173). In addition, photography was invented.

Code Of Ethic Compliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Code Of Ethic Compliance - Essay Example Forced! It does not work. A peaceful mind is the first requisite in any endeavor. The tendency of the mind is to wander. The mind has to be kept under intellectual supervision but that is possible only through inducing the right assessment of priorities. Mind reacts to the stimuli from the world, and responds accordingly, but a preoccupied mind leads to a confused response. The first priority of teacher should be to enhance mind concentration or availability to draw the attention totally and completely. Where is the room of any doubt for the one who is convinced that the task is within his capacity This should be the essence of very education. A conducive environment must be created by the educator to build high self confidence and high self esteem within students. Attitude makes the difference. The educator should become a source of positive attitude for the students. Louis A. Berman said "A good teacher is a master of simplification and an enemy of simplism". A educator must promote simple living but high thinking attitude. This greatly helps in intellectual development which in turn will do. According to William Arthur Ward "The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires". An educator has to lead by example. One has to act than to lecture.

Language and Literacy Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Language and Literacy Programs - Essay Example 113). Skills based instruction then can be viewed as a bottom-up approach to language instructions, whereas whole language operates more from a top-down approach. There is a convergence of these programs in an approach referred to as ‘balanced literacy’. As the name suggests this approach combines word based instruction, with phoneme based skill tasks. 2. Within the context of the debate between whole language and skills-based instruction the term â€Å"principled eclecticism† is a significant concern. In this way principled eclecticism refers to the combination of word based modes of language instruction with skills based modes of language instruction. This approach has also been referred to as balanced literacy. This approach combines the best features of the two models. One considers that word based instruction may more functionally contribute to reader fluency as they allow the reader to engage in full sentence interaction. In this way this approach is impleme nted at end of lessons or for more fluent readers. This is then balanced with skills-based modes of instruction. This approach is effectively implemented for complex word forms, as well as beginning of lesson instruction. 3. There are a number of elements to a balanced literacy program. While there are a multitude of elements, this research considers three prominent approaches. One approach is the implementation of summarizing. Summarizing is firmly rooted in the word based mode of language instruction as it necessitates that students implement a top-down process of reasoning in synthesizing information (McGregor, p. 60). Another prominent approach is teacher-modeling. While this approach can be implemented for whole word formations, it is more prominently implemented in breaking down words phonemes so learners can practice literacy (McGregor, p. 60). A final component of a balanced literacy program is making inferences. Making inferences occurs as students attempt to determine the meaning of a word from its position in the context of a sentence (McGregor, p. 60). This approach is a word based component of a balanced literacy program in that the student is attempting to determine meaning from a complete word, as well as a larger sentence structure. 4. The role of the principal is a crucial feature of an exemplary reading program. The exemplary reading program is structured so that students who achieve a level of competency for their progress are recognized for their achievement. In this way the principal becomes a significant contributing force. Oftentimes exemplary reading programs issue certificates or awards based on the student’s progress. The principal will then sign this certificate as a means of authenticating the process, or call the student up in front of the classroom or school (Miller, p. 10). In this context the principal represents a significant authority figure through which the recognition contributes both to the student’s motivati ng and overriding self-esteem. 5. There are a number of concerns in establishing a reading program. One prominent concern is the nature of the students involved in the instruction. Students come from a variety of socio-economic backgrounds with a variety of skill levels. These factors influence the reading program as it may potentially be necessary to implement differentiated instruction in

Some aspect of distribution theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Some aspect of distribution theory - Article Example One of the books that I bought is titled, â€Å"The Accident†. This book is available in the Amazon UK and can also be accessed in other networks such as eBay and other online marketing Companies. The use of online modes of distributing goods and services has not only been used in books, but also in other products for instance: Currently one can order for a movie online; one of the main sources on distributing such products are online marketing channels such as Amazon uk, the eBay and others that are used in various parts of the world such as the OLX, which was recently introduced. My encounter with purchasing a book from the Amazon, was greatly successful, the process of purchase is quite simple as it involves filing in personal details such as the address i.e. place of delivery and the payment details. The delivery is made by the company to the client, making the process efficient in relation to time

The History of Nokia Essay Example for Free

The History of Nokia Essay The predecessors of the modern Nokia were the Nokia Company (Nokia Aktiebolag), Finnish Rubber Works Ltd (Suomen Gummitehdas Oy) and Finnish Cable Works Ltd (Suomen Kaapelitehdas Oy). [13] Nokias history started in 1865 when mining engineer Fredrik Idestam established a groundwood pulp mill on the banks of the Tammerkoski rapids in the town of Tampere, in southwestern Finland in the Russian Empire and started manufacturing paper. [14] In 1868, Idestam built a second mill near the town of Nokia, fifteen kilometres (nine miles) west of Tampere by the Nokianvirta river, which had better resources for hydropower production. 15] In 1871, Idestam, with the help of his close friend statesman Leo Mechelin, renamed and transformed his firm into a share company, thereby founding the Nokia Company, the name it is still known by today. [15] Toward the end of the 19th century, Mechelins wishes to expand into the electricity business were at first thwarted by Idestams opposition. However, Idestams retirement from the management of the company in 1896 allowed Mechelin to become the companys chairman (from 1898 until 1914) and sell most shareholders on his plans, thus realizing his vision. 15] In 1902, Nokia added electricity generation to its business activities. [14] Networking equipment A Nokia P30 In the 1970s, Nokia became more involved in the telecommunications industry by developing the Nokia DX 200, a digital switch for telephone exchanges. The DX 200 became the workhorse of the network equipment division. Its modular and flexible architecture enabled it to be developed into various switching products. [25] In 1984, development of a version of the exchange for the Nordic Mobile Telephony network was started. 26] For a while in the 1970s, Nokias network equipment production was separated into Telefenno, a company jointly owned by the parent corporation and by a company owned by the Finnish state. In 1987, the state sold its shares to Nokia and in 1992 the name was changed to Nokia Telecommunications. In the 1970s and 1980s, Nokia developed the Sanomalaitejarjestelma (Message device system), a digital, portable and encrypted text-based communications device for the Finnish Defence Forces. [27] The current main unit used by the Defence Forces is the Sanomalaite M/90 (SANLA M/90). 28] In 1998, Check Point established a partnership with Nokia, which bundled Check Points Software with Nokias computer Network Security Appliances. [29] Involvement in GSM Nokia was one of the key developers of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications),[35] the second-generation mobile technology which could carry data as well as voice traffic. NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony), the worlds first mobile telephony standard that enabled international roaming, provided valuable experience for Nokia for its close participation in developing GSM, which was adopted in 1987 as the new European standard for digital mobile technology. 36][37] Nokia delivered its first GSM network to the Finnish operator Radiolinja in 1989. [38] The worlds first commercial GSM call was made on 1 July 1991 in Helsinki, Finland over a Nokia-supplied network, by then Prime Minister of Finland Harri Holkeri, using a prototype Nokia GSM phone. [38] In 1992, the first GSM phone, the Nokia 1011, was launched. [38][39] The model number refers to its launch date, 10 November. [39] The Nokia 1011 did not yet employ Nokias characteristic ringtone, the Nokia tune. It was introduced as a ringtone in 1994 with the Nokia 2100 series. 40] GSMs high-quality voice calls, easy international roaming and support for new services like text messaging (SMS) laid the foundations for a worldwide boom in mobile phone use. [38] GSM came to dominate the world of mobile telephony in the 1990s, in mid-2008 accounting for about three billion mobile telephone subscribers in the world, with more than 700 mobile operators across 218 countries and territories. New connection s are added at the rate of 15 per second, or 1. 3 million per day. [41] Challenges of growth  The Nokia House, Nokias head office located by the Gulf of Finland in Keilaniemi, Espoo, was constructed between 1995 and 1997. It is the workplace of more than 1,000 Nokia employees. [21] In the 1980s, during the era of its CEO Kari Kairamo, Nokia expanded into new fields, mostly by acquisitions. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the corporation ran into serious financial problems, a major reason being its heavy losses by the television manufacturing division and businesses that were just too diverse. [49] These problems, and a suspected total burnout, probably contributed to Kairamo taking his own life in 1988. After Kairamos death, Simo Vuorilehto became Nokias Chairman and CEO. In 1990–1993, Finland underwent severe economic depression,[50] which also struck Nokia. Under Vuorilehtos management, Nokia was severely overhauled. The company responded by streamlining its telecommunications divisions, and by divesting itself of the television and PC divisions. [51] Probably the most important strategic change in Nokias history was made in 1992, however, when the new CEO Jorma Ollila made a crucial strategic decision to concentrate solely on telecommunications. 23] Thus, during the rest of the 1990s, the rubber, cable and consumer electronics divisions were gradually sold as Nokia continued to divest itself of all of its non-telecommunications businesses. [23] As late as 1991, more than a quarter of Nokias turnover still came from sales in Finland. However, after the strategic change of 1992, Nokia saw a huge increase in sales to North America, South America and Asia. [52] The exploding worldwide popularity of mobile telephones, beyond even Nokias most optimistic predictions, caused a logistics crisis in the mid-1990s. 53] This prompted Nokia to overhaul its entire logistics operation. [54] By 1998, Nokias focus on telecommunications and its early investment in GSM technologies had made the company the worlds largest mobile phone manufacturer,[52] a position it would hold for the next 14 consecutive years until 2012. Between 1996 and 2001, Nokias turnover increased almost fivefold from 6. 5 billion euros to 31 billion euros. [52] Logistics continues to be one of Nokias major advantages over its rivals, along with greater economies of scale. [55][56] 2000 to present Product releases The Nokia 3310 sold between 2000 and 2003, is arguably one of the most well known mobile phones. Reduction in size of Nokia mobile phones Nokia launched its Nokia 1100 handset in 2003,[30] with over 200 million units shipped, was the best-selling mobile phone of all time and the worlds top-selling consumer electronics product. [57] Nokia was one of the first players in the mobile space to recognize that there was a market opportunity in combining a game console and a mobile phone (both of which many gamers were carrying in 2003) into the N-Gage. The N-Gage was a mobile phone and game console meant to lure gamers away from the Game Boy Advance, though it cost twice as much. [58] The N-Gage was not a success, and from 2007 and 2008, Nokia started to offer an N-Gage service on existing Symbian S60 smartphones to play games. Nokia Productions was the first ever mobile filmmaking project directed by Spike Lee. Work began in April 2008, and the film premiered in October 2008. [59] In 2009, the company announced a high-end Windows-based netbook called the Nokia Booklet 3G. 48] On 2 September 2009, Nokia launched two new music and social networking phones, the X6 and X3. [60] The Nokia X6 featured 32GB of on-board memory with a 3. 2 finger touch interface and comes with a music playback time of 35 hours. The Nokia X3 was the first series 40 Ovi Store-enabled device. The X3 was a music device that comes with stereo speakers, built-in FM radio, and a 3. 2 megapixel camera. In 2009, Nokia also unveiled the 7705 Twist, a phone sporting a square shape that swiveled open to reveal a full QWERTY keypad, featuring a 3 megapixel camera, web browsing, voice commands and weighting around 3. 4 ounces (98 g). [61] On 9 August 2012, Nokia launched for the Indian market two new Asha range of handsets equipped with cloud accelerated Nokia browser, helping users browse the Internet faster and lower their spend on data charges. [62] Symbian Symbian was Nokias main smartphone OS until 2011. In Q4 2004, Nokia released its first touch screen phone, the Nokia 7710. In September 2006, Nokia announced the Nokia N95, a Symbian-powered slider smartphone. It was released in February 2007 as the first phone with a 5-megapixel camera. It became hugely popular. A 8GB variant was released in October 2007. In November 2007, Nokia announced and released the Nokia N82, its first Nseries phone with Xenon flash. At the Nokia World conference in December 2007, Nokia announced their Comes With Music program: Nokia device buyers are to receive a year of complimentary access to music downloads. [63] The service became commercially available in the second half of 2008. The first Nseries device, the N90, utilised the older Symbian OS 8. 1 mobile operating system, as did the N70. Subsequently Nokia switched to using SymbianOS 9 for all later Nseries devices (except the N72, which was based on the N70). Newer Nseries devices incorporate newer revisions of SymbianOS 9 that include Feature Packs. The N800, N810, N900, N9 and N950 are as of April 2012 the only Nseries devices (therefore excluding Lumia devices) to not use Symbian OS. They use the Linux-based Maemo, except the N9, which uses MeeGo. [64] In 2008, Nokia released the Nokia E71 which was marketed to directly compete with the other BlackBerry-type devices offering a full qwerty keyboard and cheaper prices. Nokia stated that Maemo would be developed alongside Symbian. Maemo had since (Maemo 6 and beyond) merged with Intels Moblin, and became MeeGo. MeeGo was later canceled and a development is now continued under name Sailfish OS. [65] The Nokia N8, from September 2010, is the first device to function on the Symbian^3 mobile operating system. Nokia revealed that the N8 will be the last device in its flagship N-series devices to ship with Symbian OS. [66][67] Alliance with Microsoft The Nokia Lumia 920, Nokias current flagship device. On 11 February 2011, Nokias CEO Stephen Elop, a former head of Microsoft business division, unveiled a new strategic alliance with Microsoft, and announced it would replace Symbian and MeeGo with Microsofts Windows Phone operating system[69][70] except for mid-to-low-end devices, which would continue to run under Symbian. Nokia was also to invest into the Series 40 platform and release a single MeeGo product in 2011. [71] As part of the restructuring plan, Nokia planned to reduce spending on research and development, instead customising and enhancing the software line for Windows Phone 7. 72] Nokias applications and content store (Ovi) becomes integrated into the Windows Phone Store, and Nokia Maps is at the heart of Microsofts Bing and AdCenter. Microsoft provides developer tools to Nokia to replace the Qt framework, which is not supported by Windows Phone 7 devices. [73] Symbian became described by Elop as a franchise platform with Nokia planning to sell 150 million Symbian devices after the alliance was set up. MeeGo emphasis was on longer-term exploration, with plans to ship a MeeGo-related product later in 2012. Microsofts search engine, Bing was to become the search engine for all Nokia phones. Nokia also intended to get some level of customisation on WP7. [74] After this announcement, Nokias share price fell about 14%, its biggest drop since July 2009. [75] As Nokia was the largest mobile phone and smartphone manufacturer worldwide at the time,[76] it was suggested the alliance would make Microsofts Windows Phone 7 a stronger contender against Android and iOS. [73] Because previously increasing sales of Symbian smartphones began to fall rapidly in the beginning of 2011, Nokia was overtaken by Apple as the worlds biggest smartphone maker by volume in June 2011. 77] [78] In August 2011 Chris Weber, head of Nokias subsidiary in the U. S. , stated The reality is if we are not successful with Windows Phone, it doesnt matter what we do (elsewhere). He further added North America is a priority for Nokia ( ) because it is a key market for Microsoft. . [79] Nokia reported well above 1 million sales for its Lumia line up to 26 January 2012,[80][81] 2 million sales for the first quarter of 2012,[82] and 4 million for the second quarter of 2012. 83] In this quarter, Nokia only sold 600,000 smartphones (Symbian and Windows Phone 7) in North America. [84] For comparison, Nokia sold more than 30 million Symbian devices world-wide still in Q4 2010[85] and the Nokia N8 alone sold almost 4 million in its first quarter of sale. In Q2 2012, 26 million iPhones and 105 million Android phones have been shipped, but only 6. 8 million devices with Symbian and 5. 4 million with Windows Phone[86] While announcing an alliance with Groupon, Elop declared The competition is no t with other device manufacturers, its with Google. [87] European carriers have stated that Nokia Windows phones are not good enough to compete with Apple iPhone or Samsung Galaxy phones, that they are overpriced for what is not an innovative product and that No one comes into the store and asks for a Windows phone. [88] In June 2012, Nokia chairman Risto Siilasmaa told journalists that Nokia had a back-up plan in the eventuality that Windows Phone failed to be sufficiently successful in the market. [89][90] On October 29, 2012, Nokia said its high-end Lumia 820 and 920 phones, which will run on Microsofts Windows Phone 8 software, will each first operators and retail outlets in some European markets including France and Britain and later in Russia and Germany as well as other select markets. [91] On December 5, 2012, Nokia introduced two new smartphones, the Lumia 620 and Lumia 920T. The 620 was released in January 2013. In January 2013, Nokia reported 6. 6 million smartphone sales for Q4 2012 consisting of 2. 2 million Symbian and 4. 4 million sales of Lumia devices (Windows Phone 7 and 8). [92] In North America, only 700,000 mobile phones have been sold including smartphones. In May 2013 Nokia released the Asha platform for its low-end borderline smartphone devices

National Situation on OSH in Liberia

National Situation on OSH in Liberia Name of participant: Habib K.N Sheriff Proposals for the improvement the national situation on OSH in Liberia Introduction To protect workers health and safety, a system has to be in place to ensure that the health and safety of the employees are consistently protected void of type and class of work. This system must enforce workers protection independent of the employers will, i.e. the system must ensure that the employers doesnt act at his/her will and pleasure even if it endangers the health and safety of the employees. Currently, there exist no recognized structure/policy in Liberia; however, there are specialist organizations and government bodies with direct functions in specific OSH disciplines. Unfortunately, even these bodies are dormant. As the government is meant to protect its citizenry, they must take the lead in the protection of employees. As a significant responsibility, government is to ensure decent work for all workers which include safe work. This is not unique to Liberia; it is included in the ILO Convention on Occupational Health Services No. 161 describes the occupational health service as an integrated, comprehensive, multidisciplinary team entrusted with essentially preventive functions and responsible for advising employers, workers and their representatives in undertakings on improving health at work, improving the working environment, promoting workers health, adapting work to the physical and mental capabilities of workers, and the overall development of the structural and managerial aspects of the workplace needed for health and safety (Introduction to the National OSH System, 2015). The government of Liberia being a signatory to the Convention 155 and Recommendation 164 of Occupational Safety and Health, 1981 of the ILO must therefore develop a policy consistent with best practice and strongly supported by law and used it to enforce OSH best practice in the country. This policy must have the support most preferably of all branches of the government: an act endorse by parliament and signed into law, explained by the judiciary and enforced by the executive. In such way, the highest office i.e. the office of the President supports the document thereby giving it the much needed enforcement. Strength and weaknesses of current OSH structure of Liberia: Strength Currently, there are a number of government ministries responsible to execute various OSH duties in the Liberia. These ministries are supported by law to organized specialist teams that will assist the improvement of specific sector through engagement and enforcement. They are empower to varying extend depending on the body and task they have to perform. Some even have powers of arrest- Ministry of Gender and development has the power to arrest individuals involved in child labor practices and turn the culprit over to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution, while others have powers to issue stop order like those issued by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, and the Ministry of Labor. Weakness Unfortunately, there is little that is been done by each of these organization. They are either dormant or lacks the manpower and technical knowhow to execute their responsibilities. Also, the support from government is lacking in some area. A major challenge in the current structure is the definition of scope and responsibilities. Several ministries tend to repeat similar roles. This is worsened by very poor communication between line ministries on cross-functional subjects. This result to unnecessary repetition like during inspections, and multiple instructions to businesses in the implementation of OSH. Proposed structure: Foundation Policy is commonly defined as a specific, deliberate course of action adopted by a government or public body to help fulfil its mandate. Any policy must be anchored in, and derive its authority from, formal legal powers and obligations and is thus an important instrument for decision-making processes. (National OSH Governance, 2015 edition), considering this definition, OSH must be enacted as the genesis for the formation of the system all that follows. This act will be aimed at strengthening its derivatives- the resulting policies and procedure. This act will be implemented through the established structure within the national framework. There must be agencies with responsibilities to perform different roles and develop regulations and Code of practices. With the support of the act, agencies can be held liable for not implementing these regulations or failure to meet best practice as prescribe in the Code of practice. Overtime, there will be collective barging which will further aid the full implementation of the policy and where necessary, technical standards to will be given by the responsible agency/authority to ensure bottle-necks are remove. Stakeholders structure Liberia has numerous ministries with OSH responsibilities, these ministries must be properly coordinated through a Competent Authority (CA) this CA must be legislated and made semi-autonomous to ensure that it acts with neither fear nor favor. The body should be so constituted and empower to countercheck the activities of line ministries responsible for the enforcement of OSH related issues in the country. For instance, in as much as health related subject falls within the ambit of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW), the CA should have the overall responsibility to check the ministry and ensure that agencies are complying with regulations. Same must apply to the ministry of Labor which oversees labor related issues. The CA will oversee a tripartite council constituted by line ministries with OSH duties, private companies and workers council; also either as a part of the workers council or subsidiary bodies are the insurance and Traditional representation. This body- tripartite council will meet at regular intervals to discuss national OSH issues, whenever such meetings are held, the CA will chair and ensure proper documentation are stored with the authority. Other major bodies: Insurance bodies Although not directed regarded when naming the tripartite council, insurance plays a cardinal role in the overall establishment and maintenance of the OSH system in a country. Naturally, proper OSH management tends to greatly benefit insurance agencies by reducing compensation they pay out and increase their income. Therefore, when insurance agencies pay special attention to OSH by supporting proactive projects- prevention projects/campaigns, there will be marked improvement in the overall OSH system of the country. Traditional bodies To achieve realistic compliance to OSH policies, it is only wise to involve stakeholders having direct impacts on both the formal and informal occupational sector. In Liberia, farming is done basically through traditional methods and involves illiterate farmers using local methods. The importance of having this group represented cannot be overemphasized. Any council without a full representation of this group is incomplete because it excludes a significant number of workers hence it is not a proper representation of the overall workforce. Moreover, formulation of effective guidelines can only be done if the nature of the problem is fully understood. To understand the problem, there must be consultation which cannot be actualized without the involvement of local farmers; therefore, it is best to have the fullest representation of those carrying on the task when reviewing issues and making decisions. Rules and directives must be applicable to the people in the region for which they are design. If the tools use by a particular group of people is not known, how does a person risk assessing the task know the hazards inherent in such task? Benefits of the competent authority: Ambiguity The CA will remove ambiguity among ministries by deciding their scope and limitations in OSH. Quite frequently, line ministries do no fully know the limitations of their OSH duties as other ministries have similar functions. For instance, the Ministry of Labor (MOL) is responsible to ensure that working conditions are decent for all workers, this also is the responsible of the MOHSW who is responsible to ensure health care is optimum the workplace and that the working conditions doesnt hamper the health of the workers. Coordination A CA will ensure better coordination through joint projects and optimizing specialist skills when and where necessary. For instance, although decent work involves both MOHSW and MOL, where health is a key indicator of decent work, better coordination between these two line ministries will assist in deciding that MOHSW takes the lead due to their specialist skills in health. Unnecessary repetition and inspection CA will define the roles and limitations of each ministry. Since ministries have repeated or closely similar roles, some inspections are carried out more than once, this result to apprehension amongst businesses and industries at which these inspections are carried out, hence much lack of cooperation. Define reporting structure As a basic responsibility of the CA, it will collect reports on a timely basis and follow-up on gaps in various agencies. This define structure will regulate line ministries and agencies in complying with established guidelines. Also, reporting will aid during auditors to cross checked what is reported against what exist in the workplace. By this means, greater focus will be placed on the needed areas and removed the need for unnecessary attention. Technical services This body must be so constituted to have the necessary technical experience to facilitate training and provide assistance to various entities on OSH related subjects. Trainings should not be limited to technical services (working at height, use of PPE, lifting rigging and slinging, manual handling etc.); it should also include administration and structure in OSH. As the OSH program is relatively new in Liberia, this body must have the needed funding from government to provide 75-90% of the training free. This will encourage greater participation of organizations especially profit making ones who view OSH as additional expenditure. Conclusion: In Liberia to achieve and maintain an OSH system, a policy must be formed and controlled by a CA. This can be achieved by forming a tripartite council which meets regularly to establish and review national OSH framework and develop a plan of action. This council headed by the CA will also be supplemented by other bodies which will have full rights- these bodies must include Insurance and Traditional bodies. Said council must be supported by an act of legislation, fully constituted by all the relevant stakeholders and have the needed technical experience to properly guide the implementation of established guidelines and code of practices. This will create a fertile environment for a fast growing OSH culture where there will be more voluntary compliance. Although voluntary compliance is sought, the overall priority is to protect workers from harm physically or mentally, therefore, the CA should be given enforcement powers to act without warning when necessary. All should be cone with a basic rule Decent/safe work for all employees. Bibliography: Occupational safety and health module 6.1 -2015 edition Occupational safety and health module 6.2 -2015 edition

Studying The Ethical Issues In Elearning Sites Information Technology Essay

Studying The Ethical Issues In Elearning Sites Information Technology Essay My topic on this essay is about E-Learning sites the social, professional, and ethical issues in eLearning sites. This topic is a very wide one as there are various eLearning websites like Learn2.com, Blackboard, Intelinfo.com, Worldwildlearn.com, Wannalearn.com, Oasis plus, e.t.c. I will be choosing Oasis plus as my case study because I have use it and Ive seen out it works. First of all, as the world is becoming a global world day by day most University all over the world today revolves around the Internet. This consists of online studying or eLearning services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other means like using the CD-ROM and other electronic means to read instead of printed books. This brought about the name eLearning. The spread of high speed Internet among communities and the proliferation of eLearning among people create both opportunities and challenges for Websites. On one hand, eLearning may reduce many of disadvantages associated with an isolated locati on by decreasing distance, communication, and information cost and increasing access to lower cost suppliers and services. For example Oasis plus, This is an eLearning site which Middlesex university uses, where both student and staffs or lecturers of Middlesex university can access the site from any part of the world either at home or offices at any given time to get latest and updated information regarding their studies and academic status all they needed to access the site is the access to the internet web browser, it is very interactive that student can read or download their lecture slides online as well as getting updated information about their course work, assignment, result status, submission of assignment, online assessment e.t.c from any part of the world with just a click of a mouse and they can as well chat with their fellow students and lecturer online with just a click of a mouse on who is online link to interact and get updated information regarding their lectures or assignments submission e.t.c E-LEARNING Sites: e-Learning sites are sites with strategic means of education, that focuses on technology within an educational institute that is willing to adopt it however it is not only e-learning sites that requires technological innovation it is for business need as well, this is a strategic mode of learning or studying that can be achieved by using electronic delivery methods such as internet-based learning delivery packages, online video conferencing, websites or email to Administer the connections between teacher and students. It can also be any virtual act or procedure that people uses to secure information skills and knowledge via the internet. Advantages of e-learning sites: It decreases travel cost and time since you can access it from any where you are students will have the option to select their learning materials that meets their level of learning and interest Learners or students can study wherever they have access to Internet Flexibility to join discussions in the bulletin board threaded discussion areas at any hour. improvement of computer and Internet skills that are transferable to other facets of learners lives Disadvantages of e-learning sites: Lack of familiar structure and routine Unreliable Internet connections can be frustrating Some courses such as traditional hands-on courses can be difficult to simulate Unmotivated learners or those with poor study habits may fall behind. Ethical, Legal, Social and professional issues on e-Learning sites Ethically issues on e-learning sites: the ethical issues on e-learning sites mostly start from improper usage of this influential resource known as Internet. It is not difficult to cheat on the internet than vis a vis. Students either studying in a university or enroll on an online program can easily acquire fraudulent knowledge or information and use it for their coursework, projects, and Assignments. Therefore it is very important that the software developer for eLearning sites is cautious design and managed with adequate checks and balances to minimize unethical practices by which student can cheat. This ethical issues can be resolved if the e-learning site software developer pay attention to the design of the e-learning site software. Legal issues on e-learning sites: There are various legal issues surrounding the use of e-learning sites in studying which we all need to be aware of, The most difficult (and often overlapping) legal issues are found in the areas of copyright, data protection and licensing. Copyright: There is an understanding of fair use (unless specified otherwise) that allows reasonable use of materials for private study. Making multiple copies of resources without the express permission of the copyright owner, or a copyright statement acknowledging this as a fair use, is not acceptable. Data protection: The website of the Information Commissioners Office (http://www.ico.gov.uk) quotes eight principles of data protection that apply to all those processing and holding personal data. Personal data encompasses both facts and opinions about an individual, and the Data Protection Act applies to any personal information held in a structured filing system. Data must be: fairly and lawfully processed, processed for limited purposes, adequate, relevant and not excessive, accurate, not kept longer than necessary, processed in accordance with the data subjects rights secure, and not transferred to countries without adequate protection. Licensing: The license is the legal statement of how one can use an e-learning sites copyrighted material. In an educational setting, the license will usually state the number of machines a piece of purchased software may be used on. Normally, educational establishments will need a site license, a multi-user license or many copies of single-user licenses. Software and other resources must be used within the terms of the license. Social issues on e-Learning sites: To identify the social issues in development of an e-learning application in an educational institution, I will briefly legalize the introduction of the field of computer ethics as related to social issues. Storage of data: The ease with which data are saved makes the use of surveillance, monitoring and spyware methods really easy from the technical point of view. Unpredictability of identity: Present day vague identities make possible stealing other persons identity, forging of a message, or sending a message anonymously like spam for example. There is an ongoing ethical debate about the pros and cons of anonymity. When faced with social problems, a professional should be able to make rational and well-concluded choice that will extinguish the social factors that tend to repudiate the standards set by the education institution. Professional Issues on e-learning sites Designing e-learning environments for quality professional education is a challenge for education designers, as the continuing practice of simply moving courses online can be surprisingly disabling. We argue that as universities strive to educate for excellence in professional practice, design approaches for the e-learning components must be conceptualized in a broader view of a contemporary learning environment involving integrated virtual and physical dimensions. These are comprehensively considered in an integrated way to facilitate learning experiences providing an emphasis on grounded practice. The design of our interface and authoring system is influenced in part by the structure of the e-Learning content. Recommendation or things that should be put in mind when developing e-learning sites: I want to sketch out some best practices strategies for the eLearning. These strategies are not new. Most of these strategies are being used in some form in many colleges and universities it is use on oasis plus as well, I have compiled a list of what strategies can be implemented within the framework of given software. I myself have pass through some of this strategies when written my online assessment on Oasis plus. The following ways are means to tackle the issues of cheating, plagiarism, and copyright violation within the framework of an eLearning software like oasis plus. They can help to reduce or preventing the issue of cheating, plagiarism and copyright violations. Make online test available for just few days or a day that it would be taken Limit the time on the test Once chosen answer should not be revisit again Set deferent questions for each student to avoid leakage of answers Make student participate in an online discussion group Give a short quiz during online session Students should be requested to turn their project in for plagiarism check Conclusion: E-Learning site software content and Internet applications have change mode of teaching and learning and have also make new issues around ethics and accountability. The extremity consequence of the eLearning sites has made both advocates and detractors. Some experts say that the successful utilization of eLearning programs appears to hinge primarily on the trust and honesty of the targeted remote learners. But while creating engaging software, program or content, the honesty and integrity of the students is not necessarily a major consideration. Therefore like in any university traditional programs, the accuracy, right components, controls, activities and evaluation techniques have also become critical issues for eLearning sites. Therefore besides focusing on the look and fill of the e-learning site, close attention should be paid to the design, quality of content, delivery practices and management of eLearning sites.

Middle Passage :: essays papers

Middle Passage The triangular trade system was so named because the ships embarked from European ports, stopped in Africa to gather captives, after which they set out for the New World to deliver their "human cargo," and then returned to the port where they had originated. The Middle Passage was that leg of the slave triangle that brought the "human cargo" from West Africa to North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Depending on ship design, weather conditions, and points of departure and arrival, the journey across the middle passage lasted from six weeks to three months. A few days before departure on the slave ships, all enslaved men, women, and children had their heads shaved, supposedly to reduce the spread of disease and facilitate hygiene. On the day of departure for the New World, they gave slaves who had been confined to the holding camps awaiting ships an "abundant" meal, signaling their last hours on their home continent of Africa. They were then stripped naked of their clothes, chained in pairs by the ankles, and taken by canoes, usually at night, to slave ships which were usually anchored in the harbors. Inside the ships, slaves were stacked and crammed into the dark and small holds, which now became their home. The conditions on slave ships repulsive, horrifying, painful, and inhumane. These peoples entire journey was primarily spent sitting on top of each other on wooden plank floors. Besides many diseases, ship holds were poorly ventilated, sometimes causing suffocation during storms when the few existing hatches had to be closed. And of course, normal bodily functions had to be done: people used the restroom, bled, vomited, coughed, sneezed, died, etc., all in the holds of slave ships. In addition to the stench of slave ships, the practice of throwing dead and dying slaves overboard brought sharks from miles around to feed on the bodies. Many people committed suicide by jumping overboard or hanging themselves with any available rope. It has been said that "if the Atlantic Ocean were to dry up today, there would be a trail of human bones stretching from Africa to the Americ as.

Fairy Tale or Epic Allegory Essay -- Literary Analysis

Goblin Market is one of the masterpieces of Christina Georgina Rossetti, composed in 1859 and was published in 1862 in Goblin Market and Other Poems. She was an English poet in Victorian era, a period when Bible was chiefly and frequently read and people were too religious. Also, it was the time of sexual repression, to enjoy or to talk about sexual passion was considered a sin. Moreover, women were confined to their home and education was denied, it was an era of male dominance. The poem might seem to be a fairy tale about two sisters, Laura and Lizzie, and their misadventures with the goblin men, but it is very complicated. A deeper exploration is essential to decode her metaphors, as she has used a wide range of metaphors since this poem was simply intended as a fairy tale. When it comes to Rossetti’s Goblin Market, numerous critical approaches are offered. Feminists believed that this was an effort to reconstruct women’s roles and visions, they were also convinced that it had a strong message of hero creation. Not so, argued naturalists because Christina has used wide range of natural elements, and they validated this with her early life in the country and some argued she hinted the infiltration of women into capital market as she talks about trade and market. Some critics also speculated that she has incorporated the classic theme of temptation, fall, and redemption, which is quite obvious because Rossetti was a religious female. Her poem was also castigated for the extensive use of sexual language or perhaps it was just a fairy tale. But, if we deeply dig into the poem and her personal life we can find the hidden epic allegory. A profound analysis of her work will reveal the thematic interpretation of christian belief ... ...6 Nov. 2010. Haller, John S. & Haller, Robin M. The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America. USA: University Of Illinois Press, 1974. Print. Mitchell, Sally. Daily Life in Victorian England. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. Print. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Charleston, SC: Create Space, 2010. Print. Pearsall, Ronald. The Worm In The Bud. Toronto, Canada: The Macmillian Company, 1969. Print. Rosenberg, Carroll-Smith. Disorderly Conduct. Toronto, Canada : Random House, 1985. Print. Rossetti, Christina. â€Å"Goblin Market.† Representative Poetry Online. 1862. University of TorontoLibraries. 20 Nov. 2010. . Scholl, Lesa. â€Å"Fallen or Forbidden : Rossetti's Goblin Market.† Victorian Web. . Web. 24 Nov. 2010. Tennyson, Alfred. The Princess. 1847. Print.

The Duties Of A Secretary :: essays research papers

The Duties of A Secretary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we enter a law office the first individual we meet is the legal secretary. She is the one withe responsibility for the correspondence, records, and other affairs of a.law office. The word â€Å"secretary† reflects its Latin root secretum (secret), which originally referred to a person who acted as a confidant, and handled matters of a private nature for his principal. The executive position or executive secretary is one of major responsibility in business or government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First responsibility of a legal secretary each day is open, read, and note all mail received that day. It is Important in a law office. The mail often includes legal documents crucial to a certain case that day. She must be familiar with all standard forms used in the office. Affidavits, bills of sale, deeds, leases, mortgages, powers of attorney, propositions, and wills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tape Shorthand theory means the writing down of dictation from an employer, and then transcribing the material onto sheets with the aid of earphones and computer. Every secretary is required to have a skill speed of 80 WPM before graduating, also when taking the civil service exan. In some offices the dictation is seized by one secretary while the typing is completed by another. Usually larger offices hire clerk typist. It is important that secretaries are capable of reading each others shorthand notes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every legal secretary works with computers, duplicators, stencil machines, but the dictaphone is usually the most frequently utilized. Information must be transcribed quickly, and accurately in attractive form.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Filing systems are important to any secretary. The files at any office must be maintained in perfect order, so that any file may be located promptly by any person authorized to use the files. General secretaries often work inside an organization where company records are maintained by special file clerks inside a central filing room, but the secretary may still remain responsible for all the filing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A secretary must learn the rules of four basic filing systems. The alphabetic, subject, geographic, and numeric systems. Also the vertical files, card files, and open shelf files. Files for audimated data pocessing are required by many firms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two remaining basic skills of general and legal secretaries are: Receptionist, trained to meet and route visitors, customers, salesmen, and handle nuisance calls. They greet all visiters with the â€Å"red carpet treatment† by treating them with royalty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The well-trained secretary who is able to accept responsibilies who is able to relieve her employer of many management duties is a real valuable employee to any company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I studied the secretarial course at BOCES for two years. I understand the responsibilities of a secretary.

Spiritual Milestone Essay

In â€Å"Spiritual Milestone† the author describes his life as an Asiatic American and the troubles that he has faced non merely with his individuality but with his conflict with depression. The more compelling narrative is his rise above the disease and his enormous success in the universe of academe and in his community. Not recognizing that he really had depression. he worked diligently to get the better of the stigma attached to his ethnicity. and at the same clip. ended up detecting that he was enduring from â€Å"the common cold of mental unwellness: depression† . Bing a ego motivated scholar. the writer was able to name himself by reading and analyzing about depression. He sought immediate aid from a professional to assist cover with the symptoms of the disease. and in the interim. continued his surveies and his battle to go more than a stereotype. The different therapies the author endured were cognitive therapy. interpersonal therapy. and behavioural therapy. These three therapies prescribed by his psychologist helped him to acknowledge and cover with his feelings so that he could hold a clear way to success. While the writer does non travel into excessively much item depicting the agony he endured from his depression. he does reference sleepless darks. anxiousness. self medicine. and lassitude. He knew these symptoms were a mark of something much deeper and besides that they would impede his hereafter success. so he sought aid instantly. The author’s intent was to inform readers of the symptoms of depression and to promote those who suffer from it to take action and seek the aid necessary to do life as fulfilling as possible.

Law of Constant Composition Lab Essay

Purpose: To determine the percent magnesium by mass in magnesium oxide and to observe if the percentage composition is constant by comparing class results. Hypothesis/Prediction: The percent composition by mass of magnesium in magnesium oxide will not change significantly with each group that conducted the experiment. The composition of each substance should stay the same and any differences must be due to some error. Materials:Magnesium stripCrucibleCrucible coverClay triangleIron ringRetort standTongsBalanceBunsen burnerProcedure:1.obtained a strip of magnesium between 30-40 cm long2.coiled magnesium strip into a tight roll3.measured the mass of the crucible and cover4.Added the magnesium strip to the crucible and measured the magnesium, crucible and cover together. 5.Partially covered the crucible with the cover and heated it using a Bunsen burner until the magnesium ignited. 6.Turned off Bunsen burner. 7.waited for combustion to proceed8.when the reaction appeared completed, heated the crucible again for another five minutes9.allowed crucible to cool for ten minutes10.measured the mass of the crucible, cover and magnesium oxideObservations:When ignited, the magnesium strip gave off a bright light. There was a colour change on the magnesium. It started out as silver and turned into a white colour. The combustion gave off a distinct odour. The end result was a white powder but some magnesium had been left in its original shape. According to the theory of J.L. Proust, a compound always has the same percentage composition no matter how it is prepared. For all three of our own individual groups trials, we obtained the same percentage composition and this satisfies Prousts theory. This is also accurate with what we have read in the textbook Chemistry 11 on the Law of Definite Proportions on pages 147 150. 2.What conclusion can you make upon the class results?The conclusions I can make based upon the class results are that the composition of a compound must vary because everyone had a different answer. In most cases, the percent composition of magnesium in the compound was very different from what my group achieved. However, sometimes, the classes results were quite similar to my own. The theory that C.M. Berthollet introduced about the composition of a compound was that a compound has an infinite number of compositions depending on the proportions of the components that were used in its preparation. His theory satisfies the results obtained from the whole class. Since every group had a different amount of magnesium they must also have had a different composition of magnesium in the compound formed, magnesium oxide. However, this is inconsistent with what we have been taught and with what is written in the textbook. Since the textbook is a more reliable source of information, I must conclude that the reason for this difference in results may be attributed to error on the part of the students conducting the experiment. 3.Which French Scientist would you tend to support? Explain. The French scientist that I support is J.L. Proust. I agree with Prousts theory because I believe that if the composition of a substance were to change, so would its properties. An obvious example of this is one stated in the textbook: water and hydrogen peroxide. The simple addition of a hydrogen atom to the compound of water can make a liquid that is essential to life become deadly. Since I know that the percent composition of a particular substance is the same no matter where, how or when it is made, I must agree with J.L Proust and support his theory. Sources of ErrorOne reason why a student may have obtained a higher percentage of magnesium than the rest of the class is: during the experiment, mass must have been lost. This could have been done in many ways. Often, the magnesium took too long to ignite and students began to put it straight into the flame to ignite it and then put it back into the crucible. Sometimes, the magnesium wilted and little pieces of it broke off. In addition, the magnesium would sometimes ignite and then extinguish itself. In the constant removal of the magnesium from the crucible, mass was lost in the form of ashes. When mass is lost during the experiment, the total mass of the compound is lower and when the mass of magnesium was divided by the total mass, yielded a higher percent of magnesium. One reason why a student may have obtained a lower percentage of magnesium than the rest of the class is: the magnesium did not properly combust. In many cases, the magnesium would extinguish itself and would not burn completely. This resulted in some white powder, ash, and some magnesium still in the same shape that it was when we began the experiment. This suggests that it did not burn with the rest of the magnesium ribbon and therefore, did not form the compound with oxygen. This would yield in a higher total mass than what it should have been and when the mass of magnesium is divided by the total mass, would give a lower percentage. The following calculation shows the actual percentage of Magnesium in the compound magnesium oxide. Molar mass of MgO = 24.3 + 16.0= 40.3For 1.00 mol of MgO:%Mg = 24.3 / 40.3 x  100= 60.3%Therefore, the actual percentage value of Mg in MgO is 60%The following calculation shows the percentage error for my own groups result% error = (experimental accepted) / accepted x 100= (72 60) / 60 x 100= 20%Therefore the percentage error for my group was 20%. ConclusionBased on the data collected by each group, the composition of a substance must change depending on the proportions of the components that were used in its preparation. However, as explained earlier, the textbook and the properties of matter state otherwise. Scientifically, if the composition of a compound was to change, so would its properties. The results obtained by the class are quite the opposite of what has already been proven by Proust to be true and therefore, I believe that the evidence obtained by our chemistry class is the result of many mistakes and cannot be used to convey the idea of the Law of Constant Composition which states that the composition of a specific compound is constant.

Adolsent Habits of Spending Money Essay

I think that many people are familiar with the economic crisis that has plagued the front of newspapers and run rampantly across countless television news networks throughout the day. Billions of dollars are flying around to help businesses in hope of avoiding a catastrophic financial meltdown. A barrel of oil has dropped to the lowest price anyone has seen in months, and multibillion-dollar companies are crashing into the rocks. In all honesty I really don’t have any opinion on the financial crisis. Of course I know the economy is failing. I see the stock market plunging and then slowly coming up for breath and quickly plunging once more, but in my mind this really doesn’t affect me because I don’t know what I am looking at. It doesn’t interest me, and I almost forget that it exists at times because I don’t have anything invested and I didn’t lose anything but 20 minutes in a day sitting on the couch watching some numbers drop. This is by far not the healthiest way to perceive something as serious as this. I really only care about financial aid as of now, which is quickly dwindling by the way, in the hope that when I finally leave this place and move on with whatever I plan to do to make a little money in my life, I will not have to pay anything for a college education. Second on my list is surviving until that point, and I plan to take it from there — what I have always done through financial turbulence and what many others should begin to think about. So when I read an article in the New York Times yesterday titled, â€Å"The Frugal Teenager, Ready or Not† written by Jan Hoffman, I was quite intrigued. It seems that most teenagers are being spoiled to an extravagant degree. Parents have had success in their lives after the late 1980s, ultimately giving them the ability to care for their children and essentially give their kids whatever they ask for, generally. I can admit I was spoiled as a child and when I was a teenager as well. My parents have done everything to their ability, and so have many other parents. What interests me more than anything is that many of the teenagers in this article took spending less on designer clothes or whatever else teenagers want as an insult. Many of these kids have never been told no and they really don’t like the sound of it. This is fairly sad. I know that parents want the best for their children and feel the need to do whatever they possibly can for them. This is perfectly understandable, but I believe that it has gone way too far, and the fact that it takes an economic meltdown that debilitates the United States and erases millions of people’s savings, investments, bank accounts and jobs to actually say no to privileged children is quite ridiculous. What does this really mean, though? Nothing. I guess that 20 years of good fortune has led parents to think that their financial situation would stay pretty much consistent, and the cash crunch got the better of them. My parents experienced this almost 15 years ago when my mom lost her job. When a family’s budget goes from over $100,000 a year to less than $30,000, it is quite unimaginable. Your standard of living is completely pulled out from underneath of you and the only way to continue is to move on. I had to be said no to — quite often actually — and it has done me well, and the teenagers today do not seem to know what money is. The only way to reverse this is to simply tell them there are going to be cutbacks and you will have to sacrifice just as much as we do. I was surprised by some of the teenager’s reactions, though. They seem as though they actually care about helping their parents in this difficult situation, which is quite relieving, by agreeing to a lower spending limit, shopping at lower brand stores and helping out with household chores to earn their allowance. This is how it should be. The value of a child growing up with responsibility is the greatest gift a parent could possibly give to his or her child, and instead of a teenager entering a completely new world after graduating high school and moving on to college or right into the workforce, they will actually realize that the world just isn’t something in Google Earth. The responsibility that my friends and I have learned while we were teenagers is priceless, and I wouldn’t trade making food for a bunch of tourists 40 or 50 hours a week when I was barely able to work for anything.

Literature Review- Parenting Styles and Child Development Essay

Abstract A parenting style is a method or type of parenting which directly and indirectly influences the development of the child. Developmental psychologists study the physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, emotional and personality growth and development that occurs throughout a lifetime. The purpose of this research was to identify how specific parenting styles positively and negatively correlate with behaviors in children, how they affect children, and what methods of parenting could be used to benefit the development of children. Parenting Styles and Child Development Developmental psychologists have long been interested in how parents impact their child’s development. However, finding the actual links between the specific actions of parents and the influenced behavior on children is very difficult. Some children that are raised in entirely different environments can later grow up to have remarkably similar personalities. And some children who share a home and are raised in the same environment can grow up to have completely different personalities than one another. Links between parenting styles and behavior are based upon correlational research, which can identify the relationships between variables but cannot establish a definitive cause. However, despite these challenges, researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. In my literature review I will be going over some of those links and the studies that are associated with them. In a study conducted by Alizadeh Shahla, Abu Talib Mansor, Abdullah Rohani and Mansor Mariani, the relationship between parenting style and children’s behavior problems were addressed. The sample in this study consisted of 681 mothers of students in elementary school (levels 3, 4, 5), who were chosen from eight schools In Tehran. Mothers were identified through their children who comprised 347 girls from four schools and 334 boys from four schools chosen by cluster random sampling. The Mothers were given a Children’s Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) Questionnaire and a Parent Authority Questionnaire (PAQ). The Parent Authority Questionnaire was designed to measure Baumrind‘s  threedimensions: Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive. The Children’s Behavioral Checklist included forms to evaluate competency, and affective-behavioral problems. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant correlation between the parenting style of mothers and children’s behavioral problems. The Authoritative level of mothers had a negatively significant correlation with internalizing symptoms in children. The Permissive level of mothers has positive significant correlation with internalizing symptoms in children. Lastly, the Authoritarian level of mothers had a roughly equal significant correlation with internalizing and externalizing. While the sample size of this study may be large enough to be considered representative of the population, the study itself limited parenting style to factors based only on children’s misbehavior. Many other relevant factors were not taken into consideration, such as age, genetics, economics, peer pressure, parent’s income, society, school, etc. The study also excluded men, only taking data based on the parenting styles presented by women. Moreover, the parents could have responded to the questionnaires in the way the wanted their families to be represented, resulting in false or distorted information. In a study conducted by Ãâ€"nder Fulya and Cenkseven Yilmaz Yasin, the role of life satisfaction and parenting styles in predicting delinquent behaviors among high school students was addressed. The sample of the study was determined in two phases. At first, the study was conducted with 881students from 9-12 grades attending twelve public high schools in Adana central province, their ages ranged from 14 to 19 years. In the second phase, a total of 502 students were determined to show low level of delinquent behaviors and high level of delinquent behaviors. 243 of students were from 9th grade, 87 from 10th grade, 91 from 11th grade, and 81 from 12th grade. When the parents were examined, 82 of the mothers and 7 of the father were Illiterate, 240 of the mothers and 233 of the fathers were primary school graduates, 73of the mothers and 98 of the fathers were middle school graduates, 72 of the mothers and 107 of the fathers were high school graduates, and 24 of the mothers and 48 of the fathers were university graduates. Researchers had parents of each sample group answer a set of questionnaires, the Delinquency Scale (DS), The Parenting Style Inventory (PSI), and the Multidimen sional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS). The Delinquency Scale (DS), is used to determine behaviors which would be  regarded as crime if they reflected and bring adolescent face to face with laws. The Parenting Style Inventory (PSI) is a 26 item scale that has three factors: acceptance/ involvement, strictness/supervision, and psychological autonomy. The Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS) is a 40 item self report instrument that assesses satisfaction across five specific life domains: family, school, friends, self and living environment. The researchers concluded that when all test results were considered, satisfaction variables perceived from â€Å"strictness/supervision†, â€Å"school†, â€Å"family† and â€Å"self† have a positive correlation and meaningful contributions in explaining the highness of delinquency. While the researchers state that â€Å"strictness/supervision†, â€Å"school†, â€Å"family† and â€Å"self† have a positi ve correlation they are only referring to the 76.3% of the sample groups that tested positive and neglecting the 23.7% that did not. The sample sizes are large but the specifications of the parents in the â€Å"delinquent† sample group are too varied and therefore may represent misleading data. There were many different styles of questionnaires in this study which may be causing the data to become more complex than it needs to be in order to understandable results. In a study conducted by Jabeen Farah, Anis-ul-Haque and Riaz Muhammad Naveed, parenting styles as predictors of emotion regulation among adolescents are addressed. The sample of this study was 194 adolescents ages 12-15, 7th-9th grade from private secondary schools. The students were asked to respond to the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and the Early Adolescents Temperament Questionnaire (EATQ). The Parental Authority Questionnaire was designed to measure Baumrind‘s threedimensions: Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive. The Early Adolescents Temperament Questionnaire is comprised of the subsets, including attention shifting and focusing, inhibitory control, and activation control. Results of the study indicated that maternal permissive parenting style has significant negative correlation with emotional regulation and that paternal permissive parenting style has significant negative correlation with emotional regulation. The sample size is somewhat small due to the fact that data is being taken from a private school, and the fact that the data is coming from a private school in itself does not accurately represent the population as a whole because of the fact that private schools are exclusive. Furthermore, the parents which correspond with the children of  this study are all middle class and have moderate incomes rather than low or high incomes, and children who have single parents were excluded from the study. Also, there still remains the chance that some children may have not answered their questionnaire honestly. In a Longitudinal study conducted by Tong Lian, Shinohara Ryoji, Sugisawa Yuka, Tanaka Emiko, Maruyama Akiko, Sawada Yuko, Ishi Yukiko and Anme Tokie, the relationship of working mothers’ parenting style and consistency to early childhood development was addressed. The sample consisted of 504 participants recruited through 41 care facilities in Japan. Both children and their mothers participated. The mothers were surveyed regarding parenting behaviors and home environment, and service providers evaluated the development of each child in the facilities. Child development was assessed using six primary measures: gross motor skills, fine motor skills, so cial competence, communication skills, vocabulary and intelligence. Environmental stimulation was evaluated through: human stimulation, avoidance of restriction, social stimulation and support. Each child was evaluated by childcare professionals in 2004 and again in 2006 using developmental scales. Results of the study showed that children’s gross motor development was statistically significantly related to mother’s parenting practices at the beginning of the study. The ages of the children that were included in this study varied, and children with mental disabilities were excluded from the study entirely. The study addresses a â€Å"working mother’s† relationship but feels that it is perhaps unnecessary to consider the implications of a working father’s parenting style, or for that matter, the father’s influence on the child at all. Also the study could be conducted longer than 2 years for more insightful results. In a study conducted by Parsasirat Zahra, Montazeri Mona, Yusooff Fatimah, Subhi Nasrudin and N en Salina, the most effective kinds of parents on children’s academic achievement are addressed. The sample included Iranian high school students who were between the ages 15 to 17. The total numbers of participants were 546 who included 249 males and 297 females. They were given two questioners, Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and a self-demographic report which included their current Grade Point Average. Results showed that neither mother authoritative parenting, nor father authoritative parenting was significantly correlated with academic achievement and that neither mother authoritarian parenting, nor father  authoritarian parenting was significantly correlated with academic achievement. However, it did illustrate that both mother permissive parenting, as well as father authoritative parenting were significantly correlated with academic achievement. The age groups tested by the study were between fifteen to seventeen, so an assumption that similar correlations would be applicable to all other age groups of children will not have any definite proof. The data relies on the honesty of the participants and so data is not for certain conclusive evidence. There are many different factors to parental styles that influence children’s behavior. And while the definitive links between parenting styles and behavior may be unknown, correlational research has been able to make the parental styles which establish those links to become clearer to us. Through my research I have gathered that there are specific parental styles that positively and negatively correlate with behaviors in children. That strictness can manage delinquency, that permissive parenting can correct behavioral problems, or that perhaps authoritative parenting can help children in academics when paired with permissive. I have also noticed that the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) is generally a good questionnaire as it is frequently used. References Alizadeh, Abu, Abdullah, and Mansor (2011). Relationship between parenting style and children’s behavior problems. doi:10.5539/ass.v7n12p195 Jabeen, Anis, and Riaz (2013). Parenting styles as predictors of emotion regulation among adolescents. Ãâ€"nder and Cenkseven (2012). The role of life satisfaction and parenting styles in predicting delinquent behaviors among high school students. Parsasirat, Montazeri, Yusooff, Subhi, and Nen (2013). The most effective kinds of parents on children’s academic achievement. Tong, Shinohara, Sugisawa, Tanaka, Maruyama, Sawada, Ishi, and Anme (2009). Relationship of working mothers’ parenting style and consistency to early childhood development. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05058.x

Exposition universelle of 1889 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exposition universelle of 1889 - Essay Example Nonetheless, the period had a significant effect on the natural sciences, education, and historiography. Also, this period is presumed to have complex and considerable impact on politics. It is associated with radicalism and liberalism and later on nationalism (Breckman 10). This paper will look at the Romantic era or Romanticism and compare a painting and a musical work. The Romantic era authenticates tough emotions as a genuine basis of aesthetic understanding, putting emphasis on emotions, for example, awe, horror and terror, and apprehension. This is especially that which is encountered in tackling the sublimity of wild nature and its charming features, both current aesthetic groups. This period progresses ancient custom and folk art to something gracious. Moreover, the Romantic era makes spontaneity an attractive feature and advocates for a natural performance of human beings activities as habituated by natural processes in the context of customary usage and language. The Ration al era reaches past the classicist and rational ultimate models to raise a revitalized element of art and narrative and medievalism presumed to be realistically medieval in an effort to get away from the boundaries of industrialism, urban sprawl, and population growth (Breckman 19). This period also tries to embrace the distant, unfamiliar, and exotic in forms more genuine than Rococochinoiserie, utilizing the power of the imagination to escape and to envision. Painting The Romantic era first appears in landscape painting, in the visual arts. One of the most prominent artists of the Roman era is the pioneer of The Hudson River School, Thomas Cole, from America (Powell 6). This school concentrates on developing landscapes of the United States continent in a pastoral location where human beings are perceived to be connected with their land. These artists appreciate the diversity and beauty of the American landscape as coming from God’s grace. Moreover, these artists’ wor ks establish a visual depiction of the thoughts of American transcendentalism. The painting of focus is The Course of Empire. This is a painting containing five pieces. This painting is one of the most recognized paintings of Thomas Cole. The Course of Empire shows the artist is trying to argue against religion that is not concurring with nature. The painting was developed between 1833 and 1836. The five sizeable paintings are a symbol of an unreal realm and its process from creation to destruction and revival. Thomas Cole illustrates the whole painting series because of the exclusive landscapes that act as the location and subject of each empire stage (Powell 13). The painting can also be presumed to be representing the five stages of civilization. This society builds to magnificence and then crumbles. The paintings highlight the Romantic worry that the progress of contemporary life is intruding on the peaceful life of the past and will end up weakening the structure of civilizatio n. The Savage State This is the first painting. It depicts the valley from the shore adjacent to the crag. It is a dawning stormy day with a dim light. There is a hunter dressed in skins, he is in a hurry, and he is hunting a deer. There are also canoes moving up river. On the shore, there is a fire surrounded by a cluster of wigwams (Powell 18). This is a visual reference of Native American living. The Arcadian In this painting, the sky is clear, and it is morning of