The Issues of Deportation in the UK Research Paper

The Issues of out-migration in the UK - Research Paper ExampleApart from these 3 grounds, immigration officers have causalitys to remove passel who have been refused leave to enter the UK. They can in addition remove illegal entrants i.e. people who have entered without carry permission. Further, the Immigration Act 1999 provides the immigration officers powers to remove people who have exceeded the period for which they were allowed to live in the UK.1 This power is also given in cases where the people concerned have obtained leave to reside by deception. The equal section also gives power to the immigration officers to remove members of the families of such people.Where any person is liable for expat under the relevant provision of Immigration Act, 1971, the Secretary of the State may make an order of deportation against him. This means that the person will be lucid to leave the United Kingdom. Any leave allow to him to reside in the United Kingdom shall stand revoked af ter the order of deportation is passed. The order also means that the person will not be allowed to enter the United Kingdom again.2In the come down of the powers given to administrative authorities to enforce deportation or otherwise to cause the removal of persons whose removal would be conducive to a public good, there are bound to be challenging to orders of deportation. umpteen appeals against deportation orders are filed before immigration appellate tribunals.There are certain circumstances where the persons ordered to be deported challenge the deportation on the ground that they are not likely to commit the villainy again. Gina Clayton, in her Textbook on Immigration Law, asserts that despite this, the judicial authorities may be fain to uphold deportation on the basis that it may serve as an example and deter others.It is firstly to be said that the work of the author from which statement is taken is a textbook on immigration law.

Human resource management for public and nonprofit organizations Essay

compassionate resource management for public and nonprofit organizations - Essay ExampleThe Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 is a federal statute of the USA, which governs communication channel compensation. Its main provisions deal with minimum wages, overtime feed, equal gestate and child labor rules. It also requires employers to keep records of the hours the employees have worked. In addition, the Act divides employees into exempt and non-exempt workers. Title 29, Chapter V, get off the ground 541 of the Code of Federal Regulations (1993) defines exempt employees as those who spend 80 percent of their work time acting administrative tasks as their primary responsibility, executive tasks (exercise discretionary decision-making, manage and regulate organizations work), or professional duties that require outstanding or advanced skills or knowledge (272).State and local governments be not bound by federal minimum wage requirements. Nevertheless, they can require only the ali ke(p) or higher than the federal minimum wages. Though many people do agree with such a state of things, many oppose it. Opponents of comparable worth claim that pay disparities are a result of supply and demand trends, and that the value of labor should be calculated on a get over of socioeconomic value. On the contrary, the advocates of comparable worth believe that labor market rates are not entirely objective. In fact, the federal courts have not recognized comparable worth under the live Pay Act or the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Still, various legislative bodies have acted to remedy pay disparities across jobs of similar value to organizations (277 - 278).To sum up, the Director of HRM should know that compensation systems should be designed in such a way that they will attract, motivate, and retain proficient employees. There is a number of factors that defines salaries remunerative to the employees of public and nonprofit organizations. Market factors influence external eq uity, while job evaluation or job worth influences internal equity. Since the hiring criteria for public and

Weekly journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Weekly journal - Assignment ExampleIn an interview with Edna, she stated that she evenhandedly expected both the baby and herself to be healthy throughout the journey of pregnancy and child behave. She stated that by the time she was pregnant and subsequently gave birth, she was confident that the process was going to be safe. However, Mary indicated that she faced the only pregnancy period and subsequent childbirth with fear since she was aware of a mother or a baby who was reported dead during childbirth. The whole process was uncomfortably since she was neer sure of her fate (Shields, 2010). Nevertheless, she managed to go through the process safely with only underage medical issues that were later managed in the hospital. Currently, there is a great expectation that the changes in technology in regard to childbirth minimizes that the woman feared when giving birth 30 years ago.Edna stated during the interview that she was able to plan her pregnancy since this was the second c hild. Therefore, she was able to consort the pregnancy increased attention unlike Mary to a third child who stated that she never planned for the pregnancies and dealt with them as they came with intense fear. Consequently, Mary explained that her childbirth took place at home where the management of chafe was mainly dependent on the midlife or the familys skills of assisting her through the process. She reiterated that she experienced so much bother that she cried more than the new born baby. Later she was moved from home to the hospital due to some minor complications she developed. On the other hand, Edna said that she gave birth in the hospital with minimal trouble since there was pain reducing childbirth anesthesia that was used on her and she has never developed any complication.Edna indicates that when she gave birth, she had known the sex activity of the baby and the doctors during clinics were continuously

Write a paragraph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write a paragraph - Essay ExampleNash equilibrium has its implications both positive and negative. Positively, all(prenominal) player has the advantage of getting the expected payoff given what the opponent plays. Negatively, this strategy is non applicable in all cases. This is because there can be pure strategy normative expectations equilibria which are not Nash equilibria. The prisoners dilemma is an example of such a case scenario (Julian & Wolfgang, 2000).Nash equilibrium may not be Nash equilibrium at all in the event that one would like to have a little bit of extra credit. This is based on the fact that it places one in compromising scenarios in which it leaves the player with no option other than not opting for not being part of the whole process. In a bar, the goods and services on sale are not returnable and so once consumed it is as good as gone. This will constantly leave the owner of the bar at a spillage since there is no positive payoff in the sense that he will a lways dead end a chance of losing in all the possible outcomes (Julian & Wolfgang,

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 9

Research paper - Essay ExampleThe advent of moving-picture show and the internet has made the porn business boom and generate billions of dollars in revenue (Boyle 8).The writer chose this incident subject to find out if the criticisms against pornography ar valid. In addition, he wanted to discover if thither argon positive effects of watching pornography. The writer reviewed various scholarly peer-reviewed articles on pornography and its results to pull in why the business has grown to such a size despite serious criticisms against it. Another documentary was to increase the writers knowledge on the subject of pornography. This would enable him to make a personal, unbiased conclusion on the subject whether the benefits outweigh the costs and vice versa.The pornography industry churns out over 13000 videos and generates revenue in the range of 10 billion and 14 billion dollars. The Free Speech Coalition is credited for the change magnitude presence of pornography. Adult conten t has entered the society to such an extent that it has become unavoidable (Mikkola 316-320).It is a detail that pornography is a multi-billion dollar industry, just like weapons businesses and drug trafficking. Despite its huge profitability, most of the actresses are girls and women captured in war, kidnapped, sold by their parents, driven by poverty, violence and incest. They landed into the control of pimps, landlords, advertisers and law enforcers. These actresses are not well paying and the profits go to their employers. Pornography categories have increased dramatically. Consumers, therefore, have a wide array to choose from and many end up liking a particular year more than the others. The main problem in figuring this point out is that there are really few actresses and producers who come out into the open to discuss how much on average a pornstar is paid (Fraterrigo 1262).It is claimed that pornography denies men the opportunity of being intimate in

(whatever you want) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(whatever you want) - Essay modelBecause life eachow be less stressful, thanks to reduced traffic and a more satisfying work environment, spate entrust be such(prenominal) healthier when they reach retirement age than people in my parents generation. I will be able to stay active through most of my life, so when I dont have to work at all anymore, I will unsounded be in good shape to do things like wind surfing and skiing. Also, health will be improved if the country really turns to more green energy alternatives and the environment gets cleaned up. Less befoulment in the air means we will have fewer cases of cancer and lung disease. People will be able to live much longer lives, particularly as medical knowledge and technology continues to be improved. In recent years, doctors have been taking a more holistic approach to medicine and this purport will probably continue so that a lot more will be cognise about human health by the time I retire.Since everyone will be living longer, each because they are able to stay healthier through most of their lives, because greater advances are made in medicine or because people wont be as stressed out all the time, the demographic group will be very large. This may end up putting likewise much strain on the economy to try to maintain such a large existence of retired people. For this reason, people like me who will probably be in better shape and still opened of working, might be expected to work much longer than the traditional retirement age of 65. This will probably be particularly true in fields like what I plan to go into, where work can be done from remote locations if necessary. Also, if the government decides to depend on nuclear world power as a means of replacing fossil fuels, there will be a much greater chance that a dangerous accident might happen and make the atmosphere only if toxic to people. Between that and the way that small and aggressive countries

Module 1 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 1 SLP - Essay ExampleThe nominal value of the fraternitys sh bes is $ 0.001 but with the immense growth displayed the company over decades the companys share price has grown significantly and it is presently $97.06 (as of June 2, 2014) Following is the curl of the share price observed on the day of recording the companys share price.supra figures prove that the company has been growing each year. Hershey has not just improved its figures but it has excelled in its practicable efficiency as well in 2010, the ratio of income to sales was 8.9% against 2013 when the ratio value was 11.50%.Price/ hold in ratio indicates high anticipations by the market related to the company performance. The high return on assets of 16.68% is accompanies by high return on equity of 59.75%. Theses return ratios indicate that the company has successfully executed the scheme of gaining high returns. This makes it more attractive for public offering because high returns are more attractive for inv estors. much(prenominal) high return rates are supported by underlying efficient operating and earnings ratios of 19.06% and 11.56%. The difference between operating and profit indicates that company has fewer overhead/administrative costs, which are only(prenominal) because of its cost minimization techniques. As per Hersheys annual report, the company is simultaneously investing in more than five countries on research and development for the betterment of its production processes so that the quality and costs could be improved. In addition to this, the company has decent market share despite huge competitors in the market.As discussed above, Hershey is an advancing company, which is sustaining against tough competition in the market. In spite of the growth over the period of the years, it has quiesce not become the market leader. It only has market capitalization of 21%. If more funds are injected into the company, Hershey will definitely gain more

The Role of Employee Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The billet of Employee Identification - Essay ExampleI provide develop my interpersonal skills by focusing on the subject of organizational communication in my course. This will help to understand different types of personality traits and how they fight down to different organizational culture. This will allow me to right(a)ly communicate with my supervisors as well as my subordinates. The proper communication will help me to monitor the performance level of the firm as well as communicate proper feedback to my supervisors. Improving analytical skills is a relatively long term process, where I will need to focus on problem solving and pattern recognition. I will strengthen my statistical knowledge and gain expertise in tools like excel and SPSS. This will also help me to advance my mathematical skills. Moreover, I will also focus on the financial aspect of management, because a film director needs to be profit oriented. By following the traits of great leaders, I will develop l eadership qualities in me that will help me to motivate my employees.Describing KSA to a Prospective EmployerBeing an effective and efficient employee requires a compounding of both knowledge and expertise. My management studies course has given me enough knowledge to understand the current food market scenario and has prepared me to face challenging situations. I have developed analytical skills that will help me cast off proper decisions and allocate tasks effectively. My good communicational skills will help me to improve my performance efficiency in your organization.

Comparing two poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Comparing two poems - Essay ExampleThe poets Stephen put out and E.E. Cummings each illustrate the negative effects of capitalism and the absurdity of the business of enterprise on common people in poems such as The Trees in the Garden Rained Flowers and When Serpents Bargain for the Right to Squirm.In the poem The Trees in the Garden Rained Flowers, written by Stephen stretch out, the speaker becomes an advocate for the wretched. The author attempts to make the subscriber realize the problems faced by poor people because they have few opportunities in life They collect the flowers / Each to himself. / Now there were some / Who gathered great heaps- / Having opportunity and skill- / Until, behold, only chance blossoms / Remained for the sapless (Crane, 3-9). These lines refer to the economic fact that people who have skill and money are able to channelize advantage of possibilities while the poor people have little benefits and few possibilities. The poet uses figurative image ry passim the poem to relay a visual description of what the speaker is trying to say. The flowers represent economic possibilities, the tend becomes the economy, the children are the common people, the motorbus represents advocates for the poor, and the father represents the government. In the narrative of the poem and translating this figurative imagery, an advocate for the poor approaches a governmental part, and complains about the poor not receiving their fair share of economic possibilities, but the representative tells the advocate that he should not worry because it is right for the strong, and the shrewd to have more opportunities. The speaker says, Upon reflection, the tutor bowed to the / ground / My lord, he said / The stars are displaced / By this towering wisdom (Crane, 25-29). In presenting things this way, Crane exaggerates the governments reasoning that it is right for the wealthy to have the

The key factors influence the success of an international strategic Essay

The rouge factors bend the success of an international strategical alliance - Essay ExampleUnlike other kinds of associations such as mergers and acquisitions, comp any(prenominal) hierarchy frequently times allows for evaluation after entering into such deals. More often, when strategic alliance performance does not constitute m unmatchabletary gains but merely other benefits, this proves hard to valuate as success it is ground upon intangible criterion rather than stable financial growth procedures. alinement goals and objectives from case studies often fluctuate considerably from the originally penned down deals and as such more delicate to define. These shortcomings are merely challenges and if handled effectively they will result in the success of an alliance until now, the four key factors are primal to success of any alliance. Introduction Rakowski and Patz (2009, p.5) defines Strategic alliance as a accommodating arrangement between two or more companies to achieve a shared goals, so that from each one reimbursements from the powers of the other, and gains reasonable lead. Most literature identifies two categories of strategic alliances those that are equity establish and the non-equity based. Those that are based on equity include minority stock investments, joint ventures, to the furthest end majority investments. However, the non-equity based alliances are purely based on contractual agreements that spell out the relationships between the parties. In these arrangements the disparate parties to such agreements do not lose their independence and their autonomy with the regards to operations, however, the alliance do have an jar on their operations (Singh and Delios 2012, p.196). The emergence of strategic alliances has been seen as a reaction to globalization Vaidya (2006, p.256) insist that it is one of the most significant impacts of globalisation in the last 3 and a half decade couple with the integration of markets and the increasing u ncertainty and complexity in the business environment. Strategic alliances entail sharing of techniques and intimacy between parties involved plus schemes that involve the decrease of risks and expenses in areas such as relationships with suppliers and the development of untested products and technologies. Strategic alliance has often been discussed within the realms of a joint venture, as it at times involves rivals, however more often it has a shorter lifespan than the former. Strategic partnership is a closely related concept, this subject explores the key factors influencing the success of international strategic alliances, through a two case study analysis. It is often stated that to understand the key reasons of the success, then it is imperative to grasp the rationale behind strategic alliances. The piece of music unearths that success depends on the levels of trust, communication, commitment and collaboration deciphering between the parties. For these factors above to fl ow seamlessly, the parties to the strategic alliance must have a fit with respect to alliance goals and objectives (Cullen and Parboteeah2013, p.315) its mechanics of operation and the performance evaluation criteria. Ogbor (2009, p.372) asserts that any company willing to enter into alliance with another party must look out for compatible goals and complimentary capabilities. Globalization and Strategic Alliance With the proliferation of globalization and incorporation of markets into an international market,

Analyse of the book Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analyse of the book - Assignment ExampleThe second section evaluates the arguments of the article, the third base and last section assesses the signifi abidece of the article.The theme of the article under review is interactive television, abbreviated as ITV or iTV. ITV is a type of media convergence that adds data services to conventional television(Oliver & Grant, 1995). These value-added services include the oral communication of content on-demand as well as newer services such as online banking and shopping. ITV illustrates that new information technologies can be integrated into older, established technologies and enterprise settings. This contrasts with those technological advancements that create economic opportunities outside established commercialised arrangements. An example of the second category of technologies is the Internet. The first patent for interactive TV was registered in the USA in 1994 and commercialized the following year.iTV presents a scale of the level of interactivity that ranges from low to high through medium(Oliver & Grant, 1995). Low interactivity allows the television viewer to perform basic tasks such as increasing and reducing volume and switching amongst channels. Medium interactivity may enable the viewer to watch a movie on demand, but without the king to adjust sound effects, for example. High interactivity offers the viewer the greatest degree of flexibility. An example of a high interactivity milieu is a show in which the viewer of the show is invited to cast their vote to determine who the shows progresses. The provider of a program need not provide a return path in low and contribute interactivity settings. For instance, a person who downloads a movie from an online movie store can watch the movie on their personal computer once the movie is downloaded. The movie store may have provided the viewer with computer software they need to watch a movie, but is not involved in the actual watching of it.For interactiv ity to be said to exist, the viewer has to be in

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 3 - Essay Example overdue to the intervention of numerous regulatory bodies and the outbreak of various accounting touchstones which guide the management in their fiscal written reporting and revelation requirements, the length of the financial statements has drastically increased.The accounting policies, treatments and disclosures are being formulated in order to meet the requirements of modern accounting and to provide the shareholder and other users a better understanding. (Li, 2005)It has been spy that the public companies, as compared to private companies, extend the size of the annual reports beyond the regulatory and other standard requirements as the standards do not provide the maximum limit for any particular disclosure.The annual report includes certain theatre of operationss which are purely judgmental and are left for the directors to comment such as the area of Going Concern assumption. The directors use this are to comment on the going concern of the party and illustrate the going concern by shedding light on numerous reasons why they train the company is a going concern. (Holmes 2008)One of the foremost causes of the exposit and lengthy annual report is the motivation for detailed and lengthy information set forth by the requirements of the Accounting standards and the regulatory bodies. These disclosures include the detailed disclosure of the remuneration of directors, pattern of shareholding and structure of committees.International Accounting Standard I requires a disclosure of the summary of significant accounting policies. These disclosures usually remain untouched year after year, including the copying of policies from the IFRS or descriptive financial statements. These disclosures easily take up to eight pages or even more.There is a regulatory requirement for the company to include a directors report based on their view on the financial statements of the company. This report is used by the directors to shed some light on the

Rabbi Kushner Postulates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rabbi Kushner Postulates - Essay ExampleAccording to Kushner, it can essentially therefore be perceived to be rather impossible for adept to be able to effectively result this motility as attempts to try and answer it generally result in the asking of more complex questions that spend a penny people to start doubt in God or beget wavering faith (WTVI 1985). Rabbi Kushner postulates that we argon probably not asking the right question as we flow to mostly concentrate on asking the question of why. Why tends to more frequently dwell on the past as opposed to trying to establish a way forward. No matter how pious one might come out to be, it is not possible to change the past and we should quite concentrate on the future. In line with this, Rabbi Kushner theorizes that the answer to a question does not necessarily have to be a response, but it can instead be in the form of an explanation. Perhaps, the answer to the question on why bad things sometimes tend to happen to good pe ople is that there is no solution to this answer as we live in an imperfect world. Question 2 There are three key terms that Rabbi Kushner postulates as world of critical importance if one is to be able to adequately discuss the problems relating to the everyday reality of valet de chambre suffering and grief and the God of the Jewish revelation. The first term is that there is a common effrontery that God happens to be all powerful and absolutely nothing can ever be impossible for him to do. We think of God as being in charge of every single aspect of being and controls everything that happens to us. The second term that Rabbi Kushner puts forth is that Gods nature is exceedingly just, kind and fair and He always gives us more than we happen to actually deserve while forever giving us the benefit of doubt by providing us with a second chance. The third term is seen to be personated by the assumption that Job was a good man since he was seen to be initially respected, healthy a nd super wealthy (Job, 614-644 WTVI 1985). It is evidently not possible for all of these three to be mutually compatible in the event that one attempts to use them in attempting to explain an encounter with a grave misfortune. This is because of the human design to try and shift the blame to a given respective(prenominal) thus disputing the third term that the individual is a good person. The other two terms can be viewed as being of a sacrilegious nature as trying to dispute them goes against all the tenets governing religion as we currently know it. Question 3 Rabbi Kushner has a unique perspective in his understanding of miracles in that he does not believe in the big miracles such as miraculously dividing the entire red ocean into two or even stopping the sun at high noon. Rather, he thinks of these as being special effects. Instead, although he does believe in miracles, he chooses to believe in the small miracles such as weak people all of a sudden gaining strong characters that help them deal with situations that they would not have been able to effectively cope with before the change, when timid people change and portray extremely gallant personalities and when the selfish change their nature and become generous. Rabbi Kushner points out that to effect such changes in people, it is imperative for one to be God as these cannot simply be achieved by camera effects as normally happens in movies. God is the only person that can bring about exceptional qualities in individuals, qualities that these individuals did not previously happen to possess (WTVI 1985). Rabbi Kushner has

Should parents get DNA testing while pregnant Essay

Should p arents get DNA testing while pregnant - Essay ExampleThe contagious material of a psyche is hence derived from the catching material of both parents in equal amounts. Comparing the genetic material of one individual to that of some other will show whether one of them was derived from the other.There are two types of testing, chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. Chorionic villus is commonly through ten to twelve weeks. It involves taking a small sample of some cells from the placenta that contains the same genetic material as that of the fetus. It can be checked for chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic disorders. Amniocentesis is considered the metal(prenominal) standard. It is done between the fifteenth and twentieth week of pregnancy by extracting from amniotic fluid. The fluid contains cells that are from the fetus with genetic information about the unborn child.DNA testing done can be done early in pregnancy. It can be done in the first trimester of pregnancy. Neither the mar nor the mother is placed at risk during the test since its not a medical procedure, notwithstanding only requires a collection of blood from the mother and father. The process involves microarray technology by analyzing a queers DNA that is found naturally in the mothers bloodstream. Amniocentesis is normally done at the end of the first trimester (Arulkumaran, pp. 18).There are various reasons for either the mother or the electric potential father wanting to know the biological paternity of the unborn baby. Peace of mind to a pregnant mother is essential since any added stress can be harmful to her and her baby. DNA testing normally has a 99.99% of accuracy. Knowing that the DNA test has a high degree of accuracy ascertains the tested person certainly would be the biological father of the child.A DNA test done during pregnancy support paternity can pave the way for legal and medical benefits for a child that is born to unmated parents. In order to have the results

How the Essays Self Reliance by Emerson, and Resistance to Civil Research Paper

How the Essays Self assurance by Emerson, and Resistance to Civil Government are Examples of Transcendentalism - Research Paper ExampleEveryone has their get way to perceive things and this is what transcendentalism is all about. When one looks deep into himself to find out meanings and reasons of things he interrelates himself to divinity fudge. This helped in strengthening the belief that God was present. According to Quinn and Edward (2006), when one gets to know about himself and finds God then he feels the existence of a microcosmic world. According to Emerson (1995, p. 20-30), nature is an organ through which God speaks to an individual. He regarded God as universal spirit in his writings. One is born with religion, culture, laws, rules and society. One has to follow the rules and regulations set up by them. When one is born as an individual, he should have the freedom to appreciate deeply and to connect with his inner self. He should be able to find meanings himself. He sh ould find his God himself and live action accordingly. This is what Transcendentalism is all about to know oneself. It is non something chaotic or going against the government or laws but it is just about exploration of ones own self. Self combine by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Resistance to Civil Government by enthalpy David Thoreau is perfect examples of it. Part. 2 Emerson and Thoreau transcendentalism Emerson was a keen written, philosopher, poet and lecturer and was born in May 25, 1803. Oakes and Elizabeth (2004), write about Emerson as someone who believed in identicalness. Emerson saw imagination and human saying in a very different way. He verbalize that the thinking, imagination and perceptions of human beings are make by nature, which according to him is an organ that is used by ghostly entity to speak with humans. He focused on discovering ones own self. Henry David Thoreau was a colossal philosopher and was student of Emerson. They both shared a great thinking and are the most prominent name calling when it comes to transcendentalism. It is said that the person who knows himself is the one who knows the real meaning and reason of his existence. People are too finical in everyday lives that they do not focus on their own self they do not have time to communicate with their own soul and that results in lack of self awareness and length from godliness. 2.1 Individualistic approach The essays Self Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Resistance to Civil Government by Henry David Thoreau are examples of Transcendentalism as they convey the individualistic approach in them. Both Emerson and Thoreau discuss in their respective essays that one has to have knowledge of himself and connect himself to nature instead of relying on experiences. According to Emerson (1967, pp. 20-30), a person should have full right over his decisions, his behaviors should not be shaped by the rules made by societies and government and he should be a free man. In the ess ay Self Reliance, Emerson has written according to the most important principle of Transcendentalism which is to be free from rules and obligations and live conduct as an individual. In the essay Resistance to Civil Government, Thoreau discussed individualism in detail and in its real spirit. As Thoreau (2009, p.4) said that humans should be men first, and subjects afterwards. His writing compels one to think as an individual who is free from boundaries and rules. A man has to think as an individual first, discover himself and think about what he thinks is right and wrong by getting to know about himself

Political Trials And What Can They Tell Us About The Relationship Essay

Political Trials And What Can They reassure Us About The Relationship Between Law And Politics - Essay ExampleSometimes, there are no policy-making officials used in these trials. In such cases, the fact that these trials address regimenal agendas becomes the differentiating cistron (Aegis 2009, p.57). Political trials either fall in any of the four categories. This paper addresses the description of the four categories. virtually of these trials fall in the drumbeater trial category. The partisan category is the most common of the four. The law defines the partisan trial as a trial in which criminal legal proceedings get sanction by a government in power with the hope of crushing any arising opposition. This helps to reinforce and consolidate this governments power (Aristotle 2006, p.177). The officials chosen to try these cases are normally affiliates of the government. In addition, they tend to donation the same ideologies with the government in question. Therefore, from these two characteristics defining these trials, it becomes rather obvious that political trials are unjust, antiblack and biased (Stephen 2008, p. 176). Political trials are also common in totalitarian forms of governments, ruled by leadership who are dictators. These forms of government require docility from its subjects and unquestionable co-operation for it to function. Therefore, any form of disobedience noted among the subjects be it static or active, leads to setting up of courts by the government comprising of political officials. The government always emerges victorious in these trials because of the biased nature of the legal proceedings (Perry 1990, p.190). Karl Marx, a prominent, sociologist advances in his conflict theory that conflict results from the vox populi class need to hold on to their power and rule over their subordinates (Christenson 1999, p.69). Marxs theory helps to explicate why a government in power sets up biased, criminal legal proceedings in the attempt to squash opposition from the subordinates. These trials instill fear through the consequences that result from the political officials ruling. A historical perspective provides examples of partisan trials. Adolf Hitler, Mussolini and Joseph Stalin among other dictators sanctioned many partisan trials during their reign. They used them to control their subjects (Grigsby 2011, p.77). Those found shamed received harsh, inhumane treatment. They served as examples to other subjects who wanted to oppose the existing government. Prosecution of religious and political rebels driven by their conscience and moral obligations to the cause they fight for and believe in is another political trial. Unlike partisan trials, these trials main characteristic includes the trying of defendants with impartial court officials. These trails are also shrewdly sensitive and can either reflect negatively or positively on the government (Laughland 2008, p.256). For example, if the government famil iarizes the court proceedings, these rebels are likely to challenge the legitimacy of the laws they the government is accusing them of breaking, therefore, attracting a public spectacle. On the other hand, the government cannot look the other way and avoid dealing with the unlawful rebels. This is because the governments subjects will perceive it as weak and incapable of proper leadership. Therefore, the government understands that the rebels driving force lies in their beliefs. It also considers the fact that they have many supporters making them hugely influential. Therefore, they pose a significant riskiness to the governments. Thus, the use of impartial court officials proves to be the best strategy the government can use. This is because it prevents future, negative public opinion which might work against

Determination of % Composition of Pennies Using Redox and Double Displacement (Precipitation) Reactions Essay Example for Free

Determination of % Composition of Pennies Using redox and Double Displacement (Precipitation) Reactions EssayIntroductionOxidation involves the gain of electrons of hydrogen or the loss of type O or decrease in oxidation state. If atomic number 30 completely contradicts with HCL, then the theoretical yield of tomentum should be equivalent to the actual yield.PurposeIn this lab, we will determine the percent composition of a modern ( aim-1982) centime by using a strong acid to react and dissolve the zinc core, leaving only the copper coating. Once only copper remains, we will compare its mass to the replete(p) mass of the penny to determine how much of a penny is copper and how much is zinc. 1. Obtain integrity 50.0 mL beaker, and label the beaker with your NAME and HOUR.2. Obtain a penny dated 1982 or later. Wash the penny with soap and water to get it clean.3. Using a triangular file to make FOUR oppositely-placed teeny grooves into the edge of the penny (the marks with be approximately 90 degrees apart. The grooves must be deep becoming so that the zinc is exposed, but not so deep that the pennys mass is greatly affected.4. Clean the go past and bottom surface of the penny with steel wool until its shiny. Rinse the penny in acetone and dry it on paper towel.5. furbish up the mass of the penny on the balance, and record the mass in the table on the bottom of the page. Removed the penny from the balance using tweezers and place it in its beaker.6. time wearing gloves, carefully pour 50 mL 3M HCl into the beaker.7. Place your labeled beaker under the fume stumblebum to react. Observe the effect the acid has on the copper outside of the penny.Questions to answer to help guide the victimization of functions for the determination of the percent copper and zinc in pennies through titration and gravimetric techniques1. What is the weight of a post 1982 penny?2.5 grams2. What is the percent copper and zinc in a post 1982 penny?97.5% zinc, 2.5% cop per3. How numerous grams of copper and zinc are in a post 1982 penny?97.5 grams zinc, 2.5 grams copper4. How more moles of copper and zinc are in post 1982 pennies?5. economise a balanced reaction of zinc with HCl.Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g).6. How many moles of HCl are needed to react completely with all of the zinc in a post 1982 penny?2.57. In a procedure developed to determine the percent zinc in post 1982 pennies, 50 ml of an HCl solvent was used to react (dissolve) all of the zinc in the penny. To ensure complete reaction, the dissolver contains twice as many moles of HCl that is actually needed. What concentration of HCl should be used?In the scenario described in occupation 7, what is the amount (in moles) ofexcess (unreacted) HCl in solution?9. How many moles of NaOH would be needed to completely react with all of the excess HCl determined in problem 8?10. As described in problem 7, a procedure was developed to determine the percent zinc in post 1982 pennies. I n that procedure 50 ml of an HCl was used to react (dissolve) all of the zinc in the penny. To ensure complete reaction, the solution contains twice as many moles of HCl that is actually needed. To determine the percent zinc in the penny, the excess (unreacted) HCl was titrated with NaOH. Determine the concentration of NaOH needed if you want to use approximately 25 mL of NaOH to titrate the excess HCl.11. Write the balanced chemical reaction of zinc with HCl (same as problem 5). Is the product of this reaction soluble in aqueous solution?12. Write the balanced chemical reaction of the product of the reaction described in a higher place (problem 11) with NaOH. Is the product of this reaction soluble in aqueous solution?

Jason Aldean Night Train Essay Example for Free

Jason Aldean dark Train EssayJason Aldean is an American country music candidiser who since 2005, has participateed for Broken Bow Records. In his years as an artist he has released five phonograph phonograph albums and xvi singles. His 2010 album My Kinda Party is certified double platinum by the Recording Industry necktie of America (RIAA). His 2005 self-titled debut, 2007 album Relentless and 2009 album Wide Open are any certified platinum. Of his singles, octette devour r from each oneed the number one position on the Hot Country Songs charts Why, Shes Country, Big Green Tractor, The Truth, Dont You Wanna catch (a duet with Kelly Clarkson), Dirt Road Anthem, Fly Over States, and Take a superficial Ride. Seven much have reached top ten on the same chart.Aldeans latest album titled Night Train debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 charts and number two for the year. unawares before the release of the album Billboard writer/ brushuper Ray Waddell did a deta iled track-by-track check up on of the album. In this he talked ab knocked out(p) how originality, pace, musical skill, lyrics, overall impact and production played a dower in each of the songs. Overall his review of the album Night Train and Jason Aldean as an artist was really detailed and applauded Aldean on his new album.Before Ray Waddell the reviewer of Jason Aldeans Night Train album does a track-by-track review he does an overall review and quotes from both Aldean and his producer Michael Knock slightly the album. In this overall review Waddell talks slightly the type of music that the album has the instruments used and what as a whole the album has to offer the listeners and fans. The part that stands out most from the Billboard review and that really shines a light on Waddells feelings of the album is when Waddell says that In the end, the two ended up with a record that stays true to Aldeans sound and still manages to move that sound forward sonically, vocally and ly rically. (Waddell)This understands that not just now what Jason precious and tried to get out of and across with this album but also what the producer wanted from this album came true. Both men and the many men and women that they work with put in many gravid long hours and in the end it paid off. From Waddells review fans can read that Jason Aldean has put out other(prenominal) successful album that is moving into the future in all aspects but is what the fans have openhanded to love and expect.The first seven tracks on the Night Train album are This Nothin Town, When She Says vitiate, Feel That Again, Wheels Rollin, Talk, The Only Way I Know, and Take A Little Ride. Each of these tracks bring any(prenominal)thing new to the stage but they also contain bits and pieces of the old and the things that work. In the first track This Nothin Town review Waddell points out that in the song Jason says Theres something to be said when you regard a song for the first time, those visio ns pop into your head, and you can see it. This is one of those songs (Aldean) Each of these songs has something special about it and in the review Weddell points out the strong points of each song.Some of the comments that he had about these songs included scorn the ringing guitars and an arena-rock sound, this ones harkens back to 70s rock bands desire Kansas or Journey, blended in with a prominent vocal by Aldean and a strong sense of melody, and A great intro leads to a power ballad that sequences perfectly on the record. Add a blistering guitar solo and Aldeans ownership of the vocal and this one sounds like a hit. (Weddell) These along with the many others show that this album is really something special and not just another country music album. Weddell looks at every aspect of a song and critiques each of those aspects individually and all together so for this album to have done so well it is really an accomplishment on the part of Aldean and his production crew and band.T he give-up the ghost eight tracks of the album are I Dont Do Lonely Well, Night Train, 1994, Staring at the Sun, Drink genius for Me, Black Tears, Walking Away, and water system Tower. Just like the first seven Weddell gives high marks for these tracks. He talks about what each track contains both vocal and instrumental wise but also talks to and about Aldean about his reaction to these tracks and the process that he went through when creating them. Some of the many positive review points include One of the albums standout tracks, this funky hick-hop blockbuster is a tribute to Joe Diffie and the 90s, and The albums most notable ballad and powerful vocal, with the great line, She gets beneath your skin like a tattoo, a wah-wah guitar solo, and nostalgic feel. (Waddell) In the last eight tracks are some of the most notable and powerful songs and Waddell points this out to further signify that this album and its tracks are best and have put together work for Aldean and the country music industry.Some may say that this was just another typical Jason Aldean album and that he is just wasting time recording other peoples songs. It is through this review anyone can see that although he may not write the song he makes it his own through the way that he sings performs and records the song. It is apparent that each of the songs means something to him. Included in this review Aldean says that Night Train was a perfect example of just how far things have come the last few years, going from a bus pulling a trailer to now like a freight train with bus and tractor trailers. The title, more than the song, sums up where were at right now.(Aldean) This is what make the album good and what proves that the review is positive and effective. It does not matter what everyone out there thinks it is what the fans and supporters think. Night Train is an effective album both in that it has true meaning and influence but also in that it effectively show that Jason Aldean along with c ountry music are moving forward in all aspects of the music.

Structural Functionalism and Conflict Theory Essay Example for Free

Structural Functionalism and strife Theory EssayKarl Marx and Max Weber were the first conflict theorists in the 19th and early twentieth centuries. Following Marx and Weber were triad mid-twentieth ampere-second conflict theorists Lewis Coser, Ralf Dahrendorf, and Randall Collins. Coser draws his speculative ideas from Simmel. Like Simmel, Coser maintains that conflict is healthy for society. In lineage, Dahrendorf combines theoretical ideas from Marx and Weber. Dahrendorf sees power as the main feature in all favorable relationships. However, Collins incorporates Weber, Durkheim, and Goffmans theories to provide a micro-level orientation to conflict theory. Collins likewise used geopolitics at a spheric level to examine political conflicts historically and geographically.According to Marx and Weber, the root of most companionable conflict comes from an unbalanced distri justion of class, status, and power, as well as a groups sense of deprivation caused by class (Al lan, 2007). Coser, Dahrendorf, and Collins added to Marx and Webers theories. These conflict theorists assert that the degree of deprivation is essential in creating class consciousness and critical awargonness. In particular, Coser discusses the consequences of inter and intra group conflict. Internal conflict can make up up over time between groups and become explosive. Internal groups have a psychological posit to be in conflict with each some other.Modes of releasing hostility and ariseing authority with a check justice organisation are necessary for healthy internal conflict. Further, external conflicts between groups create well defined and guarded boundaries to distinguish membership. Group membership becomes exclusive, which is necessary for group survival. Conflict sets boundaries between groups within a affable system by strengthening group consciousness and awareness of separateness, thus establishing the identity operator of groups within the system (Coser, as q uoted in Allan, p. 219, 2007). Coser maintains that conflict can have operable consequences. Some dutyal consequences of conflict are social change, innovation, and increased centralized power.Structural Functionalism was the dominant theoretical approach in the United States from the 1930s through the 1970s. Structural Functionalism asserts that the various parts of society are interrelated and put to work a completesystem. Just as the body is a system with specific parts (e.g., arms, legs, liver) that hold in its overall functioning, so, too, society is a system with specific parts (family, government, economy, religion, etc.) necessary for its very survival (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008, p. 349). cardinal key structural usableism theorists are Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton. Parsons theories were highly abstract. Parsons developed a social action theory to apologize why people behave the way they do. He explained human actions as a result of three systems social systems, personality systems, and cultural, and behavioral systems (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008).These systems are non separate entities rather together they form a simplified model of society. Social systems, personality systems, and cultural systems undergird all action and all social life (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008, p. 352). Parsons applied his theory to the American family in call down Roles in the American Kinship carcass (1943). Parsons proclaimed that many women succumb to their dependency cravings through such channels as neurotic disease or compulsive domesticity and at that placeby abdicate both their responsibilities and their opportunities for genuine independence (Parsons, 1943 as quoted by Appelrouth and Edles, 2008, p. 382). Sex Roles in the American Kinship System (1943) incited criticisms as Parson endorsed traditional gender roles, and asserted that appalling consequences would occur if these roles were breached.Robert Mertons theoretical influences were broad. He rea d extensively, and there are elements of Durkheim, Weber, Simmel, and Marx in his theories. In contrast to Parsons abstract theories, Merton was a middle-range theorist. Middle range theories lie between the minor but necessary working hypotheses that evolve in abundance during day-to-day research and the all-inclusive systematic efforts to develop a unified theory that will explain all the observed uniformities of social behavior, social organization, and social change (Merton, as quoted by Appelrouth and Edles, p. 383). Merton was best known for his distinction between clear and possible functions.Whereas pellucid functions are the conscious intentions of the actor, latent functions are the unintended consequences of the action. Merton used the example of the Hopi rain dance to decorate manifest and latent functions. The manifest function of the rain dance often does nonproduce rain, and is called irrational by some. However, the rain dance continues to be performed for a fu nction that the actor is unaware of, which is the latent function (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008). This behavior may perform a function for the group, although this function may be quite unconnected from the avowed purpose of the behavior (Merton, 1949 as quoted by Appelrouth and Edles, 2008, p. 391). Even though the Hopi rain ceremony does not produce the manifest function of producing rain, the ceremony does bear latent functions that sociologists and anthropologists can study.Parsons Sex Roles in the American Kinship System (1943) received a lot of criticism in the 20th century. This 20th century criticism stems from Parsons endorsement of traditional gender roles, and the dire consequences that would occur should these roles be breached. Interestingly, the twenty-first century critiqued the 20th century critiques. The twenty-first century does not claim that Parsons assertions were not prejudiced, rather that the 20th century critiques were come aliveist (Appelrouth and Edles, 2 008). As Appelrouth and Edles (2008) note, Parsons pivotal premise was not sexist at all. Parsons believed that changes that are functional for one part of the system will produce changes that are not necessarily functional for other parts of the system. Appelrouth and Edles (2008) further noted the sexism in the 20th century in the premise that women could enter the work force without significant changes being made to other social structures and systems, and without a major increase in timbre daycare and childcare facilities.How would Parsons view twenty-first century families? I maintain that Parsons might find 21st century families dysfunctional. Twenty-first century families do not have the rigid structure that Parsons describes. Parsons wrote from a 1940s, fifties white male middle class perspective, and could not picture the perspective of other social classes. However, families directly are socially and racially diverse, especially in the US, and even the white middle clas s family does not fit Parsons proscribed role definitions. In the 21st century, there is substantial role confusion in families. Gay and lesbian couples adopt children and raise them with identical sex parents.More fathers stay at domicile to take care of their children while the mother is the primary breadwinner. Increased educational opportunities for women have produced a professional person class of women who sometimes earn substantially more than theirhusbands. Families in the 21st century are also deciding to have fewer children, and are marrying at a later age (and sometimes not at all). In short, the 21st century has produced more women in the workforce, single parent households, stay-at-home dads, same sex parents, and racially blended families. It is arguable whether families in the 21st century are dysfunctional. Certainly there are dysfunctional families yet, many families perform well in the new social order.Would Parsons view the 21st century change in sex roles as ne gatively affecting the family? Indeed, some would argue that changed sex role definitions create confusion, and affect the family and the socialization of children negatively. However, sex role changes in the 21st century are logical when one looks at the situation using Parsons AGIL scheme. The 21st century has produced rapid changes, and as a result, family roles have had to change in order to adapt to the new environment.Social changes and changes in the job market have forced people to conform. Therefore, families have had to adapt to the new economic system (A), and therefore have new goals (G), which create changes in the social system with norms and interactions (I), and thus cultural systemic change occurs to adapt to the new order (L) (Appelrouth and Edles, 2008). Hence, the new social order is more functional for the 21st century. Therefore, it can be concluded that Parsons fixed and inflexible role structure is only one depicting of a functional family, as portrayed by 21st century families.Mertons manifest and latent functions are applicable as a functional analysis tool for social organizations. In evaluating social architectural plans, assessors may tend to just investigate manifest functions. When querying a social organization as to whether they achieved their program goals or intended purpose, the answer received in the manifest function gives little depth of information. Granted, this oddball of manifest inquiry is important, as it reveals whether programs have achieved their stated goals.Nevertheless, this manifest inquiry can be achieved just now by questioning agency personnel. On the other hand, utilizing latent inquiry, the assessor can discover deeper theoretical problems. By simply examining manifest functions, the evaluator becomes merely a recorder and transcriber ofbehavior and actions. In contrast, latent inquiry provides more depth to an assessment. Latent inquiry discovers unrecognized information that cannot be obtained by a manifest inquiry. Latent inquiry discovers consequences, motivations, and paradoxes, which provide useful assessment information. Therefore, when used together, both manifest and latent functions are a valuable functional analysis tool for sociological inquiry.ResourcesAllan, K. (2007). The Social genus Lens An Invitation to Social and Sociological Theory. California true pine Forge Press.Appelrouth, S., and Edles, L. (2008). Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory. California Pine Forge Press.

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne Essay Example for Free

Twenty Thousand Leagues at a lower place the sea by Jules Verne EssayIn a classic novel in the genre of attain ment fiction, Jules Verne depicts the epic adventures onboard the submarine of Captain Nemo. The characters are interesting and memorable and the story is very exciting to read. When the password was first published in France, it was c onlyed Vingt Mille Lieues Sous Les Mers, but was translated into English as Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.This bear was indite in 1870, quite a long time before submarines were widely used. This illustrates the fact that Jules Verne was a very imaginative writer, because he was able to develop a realistic story around something that had non yet happened. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea begins with Professor capital of South Dakota Aronnax as the narrator. He is a famous marine biologist and is sent on a mission to find a spacious sea monster that has been stalking the coast and frightening people all over the world. H e leaves freshly York on a battle broadcast called the Abraham Lincoln and they all search for the monster for quite a while. Finally, the ship finds the sea monster in the Pacific Ocean, near South America and then they begin contend it.During the battle with the creature, the Abraham Lincoln is damaged and the steering on the ship stops working properly. Professor Pierre Aronnax, his assistant and a man named Ned Land, who is a harpooner, are thrown overboard into the sea. They think that they are be on top of the sea monster, and all three men are very afraid of what leave happen to them. It turns out all right though, because what they are laying on really it isnt a monster at all. Soon, Captain Nemo opens the hatch of his submarine and the men are brought into the ship, the Nautilus.The submarine is very eye-popping and seems very comfortable to the men. After everybody is introduced, the Nautilus continues steaming through the ocean. The men see spectacular things from b eneath the sea and enjoy the adventure. They encounter coral in the Red Sea, shipwrecks and then the ice shelves of Antarctica. Finally, the Nautilus brings the men to the lost urban center of Atlantis. It is a sight unlike anything the men have ever seen before. The whole city is wonderful and there are lots of things to see underwater.Even though they have enjoyed their trip, the Professor, his assistant named Conseil, and the harpooner decide they wan to leave the Nautilus after a while, mostly because Captain Nemo is very in a bad way(p) and is doing dangerous things with the submarine. The Captain does not want to let them go, because they have seen his submarine, which he has kept a cloak-and-dagger since he built it. Captain Nemo does not want anybody to know that he has this submarine because he wants to be far away from people. If the men were to escape, they power tell the newspapers about the Nautilus and then other battleships might come looking for him again.At the e nd of the book, Captain Nemo takes the Nautilus far to the North to Norway. The boat is caught in a giant whirlpool because of the reckless way the Captain has been driving his submarine, the Nautilus. After this happens, the Professor, his assistant Conseil, and Ned Land, the harpooner, all decide that it is time to try to make their escape to dry land.Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea is a thrilling novel that has many interesting characters in it. It is to a fault interesting that this book was written in 1870, before submarines were used very often. The details and stories that Jules Verne provides are full of excitement and the book also teaches people about undersea creatures.

4 Actual Concepts In American Society Essay Example for Free

4 Actual Concepts In the Statesn Society EssayExplain at least 4 actual ideas that you see in our the Statesn Society today that were mentioned in 1984. Orwells groundbreaking dystopian unfermented, xix Eighty-Four, may or may not have been composed as a futuristic novel, portending political and sociological phenomena. Whether or not Orwell intended his novel to predict in store(predicate) trends or simply illuminate existing realities, a number of the political concepts portrayed in the novel have real-life connotations even in a democratic society. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, telescreens exist in all(prenominal) household and also in open atomic number 18as. Additionally, hide microphones and cameras are spread out through the reality and private domains to catch any potential enemies of the state. In contemporary America, video cameras have been installed in public areas notably in inner-cities and also in the suburbs. An article byLynn Marotta examines the ver-increasi ng number of public surveillance and the plainly public ambivalence about such tacticsWhat started as a simple mien to manage security around the perimeter of public places has evolved to a point where anyone can install a hidden video camera and monitor that video from anywhere in the knowledge domain today over the Internet. In addition, the integration of traffic cameras, and face recognition software give law enforcement the ability to track and let on virtually anyone without us even knowing it.See to a greater extent Beowulf essay essay (Marotta). Orwell also posits the concept of doublethink in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Doublethink is the ability to hold contradictory beliefs simultaneously, to forget facts which contradict this ability. Doublethink is one of many examples in Nineteen Eighty-Four which demonstrate the power language has over thought and belief systems. American glossiness is rife with examples of doublethink perhaps the most notable contemporary example is the widespread and contradictory beliefs in Americas military power, with the nations population able to believe simultaneously that America is the worlds greatest iltarty power, worthy of invading and occupying foreign countries and policing the world, and ye we are told again and again how vulnerable we are and how dangerous are our enemies North korea, Iran, and radical Islam to name a few. Another Orwellian concept the devil Minute shun showed the enemies of the Party on a huge video screen with all personal manner of perversion and aggression, set to inspire terror among the population of Oceania. The American counterpart to the two Minute Hate can witnessed on any channels nightly news when individuals such as the Persian President or the insurgent leader Al Sadr are shown as menacing threats to the American way of life and also as the progenitors of the Iraqi war, when it was actually the U.S. who invaded and has brought terror and ruin to the Iraqi state and population. Nineteen Eighty-Four posits language as a key aspect of thought manipulation. Nowhere is this idea more hard-core than in Orwells concept of newspeak. This is language reduced to remove any sense of dismissal or specificity in speech or thought. An example of newspeak at work in contemporary America is the sue of the term collateral damage to describe the killing of thousands of civilians during the ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.2) Oedipus was doomed from produce. vestige backe this dowry of Oedipus to the furrow of the tragedy and arrive at the ulimate end to the family tragedy in Antigone.The fact the Oedipus was natural illegitimately that he was a bastard forms the central theme for the ultimate tragedy in Oedipus Rex. When Oedipus begins his gather up to the Oracle of English Delphi to confirm his parentage, the Oracle relates a same prophecy that Oedipus lead kill his become and marry his mother. Later, when Oedipus kills an unarmed man who demands that Oedip us give way of the road, this man is in fact King Laius, Oedipus father. later on Oedipus dispatches the Sphinx he is given the throne of Thebes and weds Jocasta, a widow who is in fact his mother. Shortly afterward, Thebes falls into a state of pollution and degeneracy. A soothsayer tells oedipus that he is the cause of the citys misfortunes.When oedipus finally realizes that origins of his birth that he is the son of Laius and Jocasta, his world comes tumbling down. Jocasta, his mother and wife hangs herself in the closet, in the chamber where they had been sexually intimate. In response, Oedipus blinds himself by forcing her brooch pins into his eyes. The origin of the tragedy is in Oedipus seeking the truth of his birth the origin of tragedy is in his illegitimacy.((3) Macbeth was only as evil as his motivating forces. Explain fully the fate and the two most important motivating forces of Macbeth and his hurriedness The most important motivating factors for Macbeths capitulat ion emerge from his will to power and his attempt to twist fate into a direction he chooses. Specifically, the will to power is embodied by his wife, lady Macbeth, and fate is embodied by the three witches who prophesied both his grow and fall to and from the throne. With his wifes intrigue and cajoling, as well as the prophecy of the three witches, Macbeth believes himself ill-omened to occupy the throne of Scotland. However, in order to embrace what he believes is his good-fate, Macbeth must commit murder. When Lady Macbeth approaches Macbeth with her design to kill King Duncan, Macbeth dis adopts some trepidation about doing so however his wifes strong suit enables him to go through with what he realizes is an immoral act. After the murder, when Macbeths conscience plagues him, Lady Macbeth enjoins him to act unremarkably and lay his conscience aside as she has done. Macbeths ultimate downfall rises from his own conscience and his unsure embracing of his newly stolen powers as King. As Macbeths sanity splinters, Lady Macbeth also begins to be taken up(p) by her own conscience.. She hallucinates spots of blood on her hands and washes them, saying, out, out damn spot. Macbeths downfall is spurred by the deterioration of his wifes sanity as it was Lady Macbeths hitherto clear which empowered Macbeth to act so rashly in the first place. Macbeths fall is due directly to his pursuit of ambition and power, which are given birth by the witches prophecy and his wifes explicit ambitions. Only at the end does Macbeth realize his true mistake as he struts and frets his hour upon the stage. Here, he acknowledges that he has been at best an actor of fates script, and at worse, a mere brute to his wifes ambitions or a kind of prop for fate itself to play out a never-ending lesson of morality. Macbeths true life has bene put aside to enact this role which occasioned murder and insanity an the downfall of Kings. His ambitions and the commission of murder have caugh t up with and surpassed his original vision of fate now, as the play reaches its tragic conclusion, the true purpose of his ambitions and crimes are shown, not as a will to power, but as a will toward learning the lessons of ambition and crime. Rather than a King, his life and ambitions are show to be a mere pawn in fates endless drama.Work CitedMarotta, Lynn Surveillance cameras and secrecy concerns is the invasion of public privacy worth it? Video Surveillance Guide, 2006. http//www.video-surveillance-guide.com/surveillance-cameras-and-privacy.htm

Poverty in India Essay Example for Free

Poverty in India EssayPoverty is the deprivation of food, shelter, money and wearing that occurs when people cannot satisfy their basic makes. Poverty can be downstairsstood simply as a lack of money, or more broadly in footing of barriers to everyday life. It refers to a government agency where a person is unable meet the basic necessities of life. Absolute pauperization or destitution refers to the state of pixilated deprivation of basic mankind needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, wellness c be, education and information. The amount of income a person or family needs to purchase an absolute amount of the basic necessities of life. These basic necessities ar identified in terms of mild calories of food, BTUs of energy, squ be feet of living space, etc.The problem with the absolute need level is that there really argon no absolutes when in comes to consuming impregnables. Relative exiguity views beggary as socially defined a nd parasitic on social context, hence relative scantness is a measure of income inequality. Usually, relative beggary is mensural as the per centimeage of population with income less than some fixed proportion of median income. at that place ar several other different income inequality metrics, for example the Gini coefficient or the Theil Index. Relative poverty measures are use as official poverty rates in several developed countries. As such these poverty statistics measure inequality rather than material deprivation or hardship. The measurements are usually imbrutedd on a persons yearly income and frequently take no account of total wealth.DefinitionsUnited Nations Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to food and clothing a family, not having a discip identify or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow ones food or a job to earn ones living, not having get at to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and censure of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it oft implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to comely water or sanitation. World Bank Poverty is pronounced deprivation in hale-being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes grim incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services required for survival with dignity.Poverty also encompasses lowlevels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, shortsighted physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and hazard to better ones life. Copenhagen Declaration Absolute poverty is a condition characterized by puckish deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on acces s to social services. The term absolute poverty is sometimes synonymously referred to as extreme poverty. World Health Organisation Poverty is associated with the undermining of a range of key human attributes, including health. The poor are exposed to greater personal and environmental health risks, are less well nourished, view less information and are less able to access health care they frankincense stomach a higher risk of illness and disability.Conversely, illness can reduce household savings, set out learning ability, reduce productivity, and lead to a diminished quality of life, thereby perpetuating or even increase poverty. Poverty line is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a given country. In practice, the like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed countries than in developing countries. The common inter national poverty line has in the past been approximately $1 a day. In 2008, the World Bank came out with a revised figure of $1.25 at 2005 purchasing-power parity (PPP). Determining the poverty line is usually done by finding the total terms of all the essential resources that an average human adult consumes in one year.Individual factors are often used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent, elderly, a child, married, etc. The poverty threshold may be seted annually. Below Poverty Line is an economic benchmark and poverty threshold used by the government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. It is determined using various parameters which vary from state to state and within states. The premise criteria are based on a survey conducted in 2002. Going into a survey repayable for a decade, Indias central government is undecided on criteria to identify families down the stairs poverty line.Poverty in IndiaThe problem of poverty and unemployment is considered as the biggestchallenge to development planning in India. High poverty levels are synonymous with poor quality of life, deprivation, malnutrition, illiteracy and low human resource development. The slogan of poverty obliteration has been adopted by all political parties in one form or another and there is a national agreement for the goal of poverty alleviation. The national consensus on poverty alleviation provided the necessary condition for launching various schemes and curriculums aimed at achieving this objective. But the persistence of poverty during all these years suggests that the national consensus on objectives did not and could not provide sufficient conditions for poverty alleviation. The starting point for estimating the number of households on a lower floor the poverty line is a nutritional requirement per person per day at some base point.There is a debate on the minimum calorie requirement, and whether it should be the same for all sepa rate of the country. Most acceptable figures are 2,400 calories per person per day in untaught areas, and 2,200 calories per person per day in urban areas. The next step is to translate the nutrient requirement into monetary terms. The expenditure level of households which are able to spend the requisite amount to obtain the desired calories serves as the cut-off point, or the poverty line. To adjust the poverty line over a period of time, impairment variations have to be considered and an appropriate price deflator has to be selected. The problem arises in deciding upon such a deflator. Thus, the following elements mainly affect the order of the poverty ratio (i) the nutrition norm (translated into monetary terms)(ii) price deflator used to update the poverty line and(iii) pro rata adjustment in the number of households in different expenditure classes to determine the number of households below and above the poverty line. Different assumptions and methods are used for these tr inity purposes, which accounts for the different estimates provided by scholars. The Planning counsel has been estimating the incidence of poverty at the national and state level using the methodology contained in the handle of the Expert Group on Estimation of Proportion and Number of Poor (Lakdawala Committee) and applying it to consumption expenditure entropy from the large sample surveys on consumer expenditure conducted by the NSSO ( national Sample Survey Organisation) at an interval of approximately five years.Estimates of Poverty (Per cent)Year each India agrarian Urban All India Poverty Ratio Rural Poverty Ratio Urban Poverty Ratio Number (per cent) Number (per cent) Number (per cent) (Million) (Million) (Million) 1973-74 321 54.9 261 56.4 60 49.0 1977-78 329 51.3 264 53.1 65 45.2 1983 323 44.5 252 45.7 71 40.8 1987-88 307 38.9 232 39.1 75 38.2 1993-94 320 36.0 244 37.3 76 32.4 1999-2000 260 26.1 193 27.1 67 23.6 2004-05 239 21.8 170 21.8 68 21.7Problems caused due to povertyHuman poverty measures suggest even worse outcomes than for income poverty in India. India has never been a good performer in human development terms, despite the much better indicators in some states, particularly Kerala. Overall, both health and education indicators have lagged well below those in other countries at standardized levels of development and with similar per capita income. But food poverty has been of particular concern. Recent studies have shown alarming levels of hunger, e limitedly in authoritative states of India. Studies by IFPRI and ISHI quoted in Banerjee (2008) suggest that most states in India rank somewhere among the poor Sub-Saharan countriesPunjab, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Assam have a serious level of hunger Madhya Pradesh fares worst in the extremely alarming cohort of hunger. All the other states record an alarming level of hunger, which is also the general ranking for the whole country.More appallingly, the situation appears to have worsened in the recent period of rapid economic growth. depicted object Sample Surveys shows declining per capita calorie consumption, not only among the entire population, but also among the bottom quartiles, for which consumption was already very inadequate by international standards. Other indicators of both nutrition and health are also extreme. The latest National Family Health Survey for 200506 shows that the proportion of underw eightsome children below the age of five years was 45.6 per cent in rural India and 32.7 per cent in urban India, indicating hardly any change from the previous survey undertaken eight years previously. More than one-third of the rural population was also underweight. Anaemia often a good indicator of nutritional deprivation was also widespread 79.2 per cent of children aged 1223 months and 56.2 per cent of ever-married women between 15 and 59 years were strand to be anaemic.ConclusionPoverty Alleviation ProgrammesThe poverty alleviation programme have been broadly classified into self-employment programmes, wage employment programmes, food recourse programme and social security programmes. The focus is on the central government schemes only. It is not possible to map the special programmes of all the states. It must be noted here that some of the progressive states have added additional components or given further subsidy to enhance the benefits of the central schemes. For example, in the highly subsidized public dispersal system of Andhra Pradesh, the BPL card holders were provided rice at Rs. 2 per kg. Self-employment programmes This programme was started in 1970s in rural areas of the country in the name of Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) to increase the source of income of small farmers and landless labourers.The beneficiaries were given subsidized credit, training, and infrastructure, so that they could find new sources ofearning. In this scheme, agricultural labourers and small farmers received new skills to inv olve in vocations other than cultivating land. They included fishery, animal husbandry, and forestry. In the 1980s, this scheme was extended to scroll castes and tribes, women and rural artisans. Wage employment programmes The main purpose of the wage employment programmes is to provide a livelihood during the lean agricultural season as well as during drought and floods. Under these programmes, closurers worked to improve the village infrastructure such as deepening the village ponds, constructing village schools and improving the rural roads. Thus the programmes not only provided employment to the villagers but also improved village infrastructure and created village public assets.A positive fall out of this programme is that it created higher demand for village labour, thereby pushing up the wage of the labourer in the villages. Food security programmes Meeting the very basic need of access to food is a major challenge to the government in the post-economic reform era. Those w ho are below poverty line are faced with the problem of meeting this very basic need. Starvation and hunger have been reported in different parts of the country, even in economically advanced states like Maharashtra. There is malnutrition in all age groups, especially among children. Problem of low birth weight due to under nutrition of mother during pregnancy and underweight of children are rampant in the country.The purchasing power of real section of the society is so low that they cannot access food at the market price. They need the safety net of food subsidy. In this context, public distribution system or PDS assumes importance. societal security programmes Social security programmes are meant for those who are at the bottom of the BPL facing destitution and desertion. The central government has launched the National Social Assistance Programme or NSAP in August 1995. Under NSAP, there are three schemes.The first one is the National Old Age Pension Scheme or NOAPS. A bonus amount of Rs. 75 per month is given to those who are above the age of 65 years and are destitute without any regular source of income or support from any family members or relatives. Though it is a very useful scheme for the elderly destitute, the coverage of the programme was not satisfactory. In the year 1999-2000, 8.71 meg eligible elderly were identified, but the scheme could reach out to only 5 million beneficiaries. It was found that the benefits really reached thepoor and the leakage rate was found to be low.

Wizard of Oz Essay Example for Free

Wizard of Oz EssayL. Frank Baums The Wizard of Oz (1900) presents what might be considered the Statess first fairy-tale. Certainly, few other works of childrens literature claim such a widespread and mixerly profound influence as this work, which is as wholesome known as a movie and via various stage-productions as well as many contemporary re-interpretations and variations on the original theme. on that point is hardly a child who is not intimately acquainted with Dorothy and her adventures more than hotshot billion mess have either seen the screen version of The Wizard of Oz or read L. Frank Baum famous book It is a r be child who cannot recite the words to Ding dong, the Witch is dead, or who doesnt know what a Munchkin is. (Cashdan 218) Baums story approach initial controersy and continues to receive a share of controversy for its depth of themes and resonances. These themes are rooted in political, social, and economic aspects of the human experience and Baums under lying theme emerges as one which celebrates the integrity of the man-to-man and individual liberty above accepted social hierarchies, norms, or in close to cases laws.Accepting who you are is the emotional chord that reverberates throughout The Wizard of Oz. The various psychological malaises from which people sufferanxiety attacks, phobias, neurotic disturbances, and the likeoften are the result of fears they harbor about what might happen if they interacted with others in an open and honest way. (Cashdan 236) As a uniquely American fairy-tale, Baums novel also inverts many of the classical motifs of historical fairy-tales. Characters in classical fairy-tales often face dillemas brought upon by sin or overindulgence greed or thwarted ambition or even revenge.In The Wizard of Oz all fo the storys important characters deal instead with perceived shortcomings in the self as opposed to excesses The Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly social lion are convinced that they W izard of Oz Page -2- are not as intelligent, feeling, or courageous as others. Their hope is that Dorothy will help them remedy these shortcomings helping her companions fulfill their destinies helps her fulfill her own.(Cashdan 218) Baums depiction of OZ is a utopian one which forwards profound political, social, and economic ideas beneath its dazzling and myth-inspired fairy-tale surface. Many readers and scholars have set aspects of an idealized economy and social order in the Oz books These aspects include, among others, a communal sharing of food, the elimination of bullion and poverty, a dearth of punishment, an absence of greed nd the virtual elimination of death or disease. (Karp 103)Baums ken is a combination of pastoral and urban utopias, a vision which is epculiarly American and remains distinctive over a century past its inception. The utopia, however, is a constructed on a series of apparent contradictions a utopia that is at the same time egalitarian and authori tarian and to establish a society that values and protects individual rights, interests, and freedoms, as well as cultural multiplicity, at the same time as it promotes the value of a unified state to which individuals owe allegiance. (Karp 103) Baums answer to these contradiction resides in his emphasis upon individuality and the concept of rugged individualism, which reacts against the subversion of the individual will within an impersonal industrial corporation and the loss of independence and distinctness affecting betroth earners in the United States Baum populates the Land of Oz with a plethora of distinct and unique characters and has a number of these characters (as well as his narrators) praise individualism and eccentricity. (Karp 103) Wizard of Oz Page -3- Though Baum intended to entertain readers and spark their imaginations, this democrat articulation emerged, itself, as a political imperative the book itself inciting the individual contemplation of personal integrity , specialization and destiny. Frank Baums goal was to please children, and the characters are both endearing and enduring.Though this narrative tale faced controversy, Frank Baum rived long enough to see it pass, and as it did the books popularity increased. (Livingston, and Kurkjian) Similarly, Baums utopia found allegiance to the seemingly inappropriate impulses of the Gilded Age, wherein economic surplus and wealth are celebrated in tandem with individual druthers and self-actualization. The story of an archetypal American girl in silver shoes on a highway paved with golden bricks in a country named for the abbreviation for ounce would have rung loudly for an audience in the 1890s caught up in the financial question. (Ziaukas) On the yellow brick road, the creatures Dorothy finds and associates with Lion, Scarecrow, and Tin Man, distributively in search of a part of themselves represent American elements, the farmer, the worker, the loquacious politician, and the archetypal Americanness that is Dorothy, seems to have a sense that something is missing, that she or he lacks the ability to fulfill his or her destinies the farmer feels stupid and the worker put down the roar of the politician rings hollow. (Ziaukas) By instilling the traditional elements of fairy-tales with tremendous social, economic, and political resonance, Baum attained a fresh idiom aimed directly at those young minds searching for the measure of the individuality in American society, forming a passionate and creative anthem of individuality and selfhood while maintaining an allegiance to a progressive social order.Works CitedCashdan, Sheldon. The Witch Must Die The Hidden Meaning of Fairy Tales. New York Basic Books, 1999. Karp, Andrew. Utopian Tension in L. Frank Baums Oz. Utopian Studies (1998) 103. Livingston, Nancy, and Catherine Kurkjian. Timeless and Treasured Books. The Reading Teacher 57. 1 (2003) 96+. Ziaukas, Tim. Baums Wizard of Oz as Gilded Age Public Relations. Pub lic Relations Quarterly 43. 3 (1998) 7+.

Jaydens Rescue Alternative Ending Essay Example for Free

Jaydens hand over Alternative Ending EssayWell, AFGOI itll have to be, said Alex. Thats all we have. I just take to itll put Rechner away Next time we will see him we will all say AFGOI at once, suggested genus Vanessa. They waited patiently to see the evil Rechner again so they could use the magic word to free Jayden.several(prenominal) days went by and the time was passing very quickly at camp. Every day was wax of activities. At the end of the week surface-to-air missile, Vanessa, and Alex all decided to go sailing because of the water skiing accident. Alex did not want to water ski again. Neither did Vanessa after what happened to Alex last time. They kept wondering when Rechner would pop again. later on spending time on the lake, it began to rain cats and dogs. They ran for shelter under a pavilion and were dexterous that they were off of the sailboat. Sam said, Why dont we head towards our cabin and call it a night. Alex and Vanessa agreed. They began their long trek to r all(prenominal) the cabin. The ground was very soggy and muddy and they all got their shoes super dirty.They were all happy to hit the hay for a good nights sleep. Their counselor stayed up to watch them to make sure they didnt leave again. In the morning their counselor was exhausted so he let the campers sleep longer than usual. When they awoke, they all were starving and their entire cabin headed to go eat. After breakfast Alex, Vanessa, and Sam went back to the cabin to brush their teeth and that is when the evil Rechner lastly appeared.All trio of them said AFGOI at once and Rechner said, Okay I give up and you win. Jayden gets to go back to her palace. Alex, Vanessa, and Sam couldnt believe what they just heard. Everyone that lived in Idyllia was so happy to have the Emerald Queen back. They pushed nine vitamin C dollars out of the book. Alex, Vanessa, and Sam were so excited because Jayden was now safe and they each had three hundred dollars. They were finally done wi th Rechner once and for allJaydens RescueWritten ByVladimir TumanovProject byschmuck went through 2 green lights. Mane went through 1 red light. Torch went through 3 yellow lights. This is 6 lights in all (2+1+3). Then they repeated the same path so 6+6= 12 lights passed.Torch went through 3 yellow lights twice so 3+3 = 6. Each ticket was $300 so 6 lights times $300 is $1,800. He however had $100 bills so you need to divide $1,800 by $100 and you get 18.Torch passed 4 ponds which each had a duck. These 4 ducks bit his hand each one time and each bite caused 4 red bumps. So 4 bites times 4 red bumps each is 4 x 4 which equals 16 red bumps.

Rights and Obligations of the State Essay Example for Free

Rights and Obligations of the State shewNation may refer to a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history. However, it can also refer to people who share a common territory and government. State commonly refers to either the present condition of a clay or entity, or to a governed entity government is the system by which a convey or community is governed. Rights and Obligations of the State obligate 1 is all just about national territory word 2 Declaration of Principles and State PoliciesArticle 3 Bill of rightsArticle 4 all about citizenshipArticle 5 Suffrage(Right to vote)Article 6 Legislative DepartmentArticle 7 Executive DepartmentArticle 8 Judicial DepartmentArticle 9-Common Provision(Section 1-8-Civil answer Commission (Section 1-16)-Commission on Audit (Section 1-4)Article 10 Local GovernmentArticle 11 right of public officersArticle 12 National EconomyFransistory ProvisionsD. Parens Patriae Literally, this means father of th e country. This doctrine has been delineate as the inherent actor and authority of the call forth to provide protection to the persons property of the person. Non Sui Juris = Persons who are those who insufficiency the legal capacity to act on his own behalf.E. Doctrine of State Immunity = The immunity of the state from suit, known as the doctrine of sovereign immunity or non-suability of the state, isexpressly provided in Article xvi of the 19987 Constitution.F. Fundamental billets of the StateThere are three fundamental and inherent power of the state. 1. Police Power = is the power of the for promoting public welfare by restraining and regulating the use of liberty and property. 2. Power of Taxation = is the power by which the state raises revenue to defray the necessary expenses of government. 3. Power of eminent domain = is the power of the state to acquire private property for public purpose payment of just compensation.

Perfect competition Essay Example for Free

Perfect tilt testMonopoly and monopo countic arguments, basic concepts monopoly heart a grocery situationin which in that location is just a single seller and large no. of buyers. whereasmonopolistic aspirationis a market place situation in which in that respect is large no. of sellers and large no. of buyers. in monopolistic ambition, close substitutes atomic number 18 there in the sense that products are divergent in limits of size, colour,packaging,brand, terms etc. as in fictional character of soap,toothpaste etc. yet in monopoly, there is no close substitute of the good,if either, it will be a remote substitute analogous in India, Indian railways has its monopoly but its remote substitutes are present like bus and air redevelopment. in monopolistic competition, there is aggressive advertising but in monopoly, there is no advertising at all(prenominal) or a genuinely little. in monopolistic competition, charter disregard faced by the level is to a grea ter extent elastic because of avail exponent of close substitutes. it means if a firm raises its terms, it will loose its large market share as customers in large will foment to close substitutes present in the market.But in monopoly, the demand curve faced by the firm is less elastic because of no close substitutes. if means if the firm raises its price, demand will not come up in a large quantity as it is besides champion in the market. u guard to understand that the four different kinds, perfect, monopolistic, oligopoly, monopoly are on a spectrum with perfect and monopoly on the extremes, monopolistic is very similar to perfect, and monopoly is different that its a hard market to enter, because theres very few firms and require a enceinte budget to get started.look up the graphs for these competitions and you should have a better understanding MONOPOLY IN telecom . Competition in Telecommunications helps Experience has demonst treadd that free and have competition bene fits individual consumers and societies as a whole by ensuring light prices, newfound and better products and service, and expanded consumer extract. The benefits of competition are pronto seen in todays telecommunications sector. Dynamic technological change is resulting in new go and transcriptions that yield innovative solutions to communications needs across the globe.As a result, telecommunications is becoming increasingly important to the efficiency and trenchantness of sequestered and public sector institutions. In this environment of rapid change, a belligerent market will lean the potential of the telecommunications sector to administer the economic and social well-being of all citizens.BENEFITS OF COMPETITION Free and open competition benefits individual consumers and the global community by ensuring lower prices, new and better products and make for, and greater consumer choice than occurs under monopoly conditions.In an open market, producers compete to win customers by lowering prices, developing new function that best meet the needs of customers. A combative market throw divulges innovation by rewarding producers that invent, develop, and acquaint new and innovative products and production processes. By doing so, the wealth of the society as a whole is increase. In a competitive environment, businesses that fail to understand and react to consumer needs face the loss of customers and declining profits.A insurance framework to establish, foster, and regulate competition is critical to the delivery of benefits expected and demanded by consumers. In otherwisewise words, competition rewards entrepreneurship, responsiveness, and enthusiasm it punishes impassivity and indifference. Because of the increasing importance of the telecommunications sector to the overall economy, countries shtupister ill afford the sluggishness and indifference that so a great deal characterize the proviso of products and work under monopoly condit ions.As developments in engine room continue to produce efficient and exciting communications operate, societies whitethorn be signifi crouptly disadvantaged if they free the rewards of entrepreneurship and responsiveness associated with open, competitive telecommunications markets.POLICY GOALS TO ACHIEVE COMPETITIVE MARKETS In ordain to achieve the benefits of competition exposit above, governments and regulators must establish an suspend policy framework to govern the telecommunications sector. First, governments should remove legal barriers that cheer subsisting monopoly providers from competition by new appetizers.Second, policy put one overrs should take affirmative steps to promote competition in sectors of the market that were previously closed to competition. Examples of these steps include adopting policies that encourage multiple manners and modes of market entry. Third, policymakers should consider introducing competitive safeguards to protect against the exerci se of market power by incumbent crew cuts during the transition to competition. The most fundamental of these competitive safeguards involves decree of the terms and conditions governing interconnection with the existing monopoly providers entanglement.In the joined States, although important steps were made to promote competition in the telecommunications sector prior to passage of the Telecommunications coiffe of 1996, the jurisprudence firmly established the flavor to provide for a pro-competitive, deregulatory national policy framework designed to accelerate privy sector deployment of mature telecommunications and information technologies and services to all Ameri apprizes by opening all telecommunications markets to competition.EFFECTS OF COMPETITION IN THE telecom heavensThe benefits of introducing competition in telecommunications markets are apparent in all segments of the telecommunications market. For instance, competition in the United States and umpteen othe r countries in coherent hold and international telecommunications services has led to a outstanding decline in consumer rates for these services, as well as a outstanding increase in demand and a substantial increase in investment. International telecommunications services contribute be especially important to the development of a stable and robust economy linked to the global marketplace.The 1997 WTO Agreement on Basic Telecommunications Services ushered in a new era for telecommunications competition in many countries of the world. As deviate of that agreement, 72 countries have made commitments to open their telecommunications markets to foreign suppliers of basic telecommunications services. As these countries implement their commitments, dramatic change has occurred in their telecommunications markets. In many countries, there are several new providers of international and domestic help telecommunications services, and prices are dramatically lower.As a result, increased competition has led to lower international shutd take in rates in many countries which, in turn, has led to lower calling prices for consumers. Lower calling prices means that people fuel afford to make to a greater extent calls, to a greater extent often, creating closer ties between family and friends in different countries and streng indeeding business relationships. Thus, introducing competition in international telecommunications markets produces benefits throughout a countrys economy. In addition, as part of the WTO Agreement, 49 countries made commitments to open their satellite service markets.These commitments have helped increase the ability of global and regional satellite providers to reign the requisite authorizations for their systems. Similarly, in many countries private investment and competition in the supply of terrestrial wireless telecommunications infrastructure has led to declining prices for, and widespread use of, wireless telephone service. In areas wh ere teledensity can increase, moreover, price reductions whitethorn expand the number of households that can afford service. This increased demand whitethorn make build-out decisions more attractive.For manikin, in Chile, lower prices increased concern by 260% from 1994 to 1997. In 1987, there were 6. 7 phones per coulomb households in Chile this number rose to 11 in 1992 and to 15. 2 in 1996. As lower prices stimulate greater demand, an overall increase in revenues results despite additional providers in the market. In the U. S. long outgo market, lower prices, in combination with an expanding market for services, have offset revenue loss from price reductions and the decrease in market share.For example, eon ATTs long distance market share fell from 90% in 1984 to 45% in 1997, its revenues increased from $35 billion to $40 billion during this same period. Thus, although ATT bewildered market share, its revenues increased in a competitive marketplace. The benefits from introd ucing competition in international and domestic telecommunications markets can be unspoilty realized, however, only when market participants have the incentive to compete vigorously to attract the sterling(prenominal) step of business.It has been the U. S. visit that these incentives exist only where there is open entry into the telecommunications services market. Where entry is adjudge, or where only one or two new entrants are allowed to compete against the incumbent common carrier, the benefits of competition are limited as well. For instance, when cellular telephone service was first introduced into the United States in the 1980s there were only two licensees in each market. As a result, prices remained relatively high and demand was more limited. afterward additional licenses were authorized in each market, priced dropped, new services were introduced and demand exploded.BUILDING A TELECOMMUNICATIONS firmament AS A PART OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Developing countries face many infrastructure challenges. plot of ground roads, water, and electricity are axiomatic fundamental requirements, development of a unshakable communications and information system is vital for the country to survive and prosper. As global developments increasingly push competition and its benefits, developing countries can realize these benefits in part through encouraging the establishment of an indigenous telecommunications sector.And one highly effective way to achieve this is to promote and nurture the growth of pure and entrepreneurial entities within that sector. The United States experience provides more or less insight. Historically, most of the cutting- edge commercial and technology breakthroughs in the United States have been developed by individual entrepreneurs or olive-sized businesses, from Alexander Graham Bell to Bill Gates.Additionally, Americas 22 million small businesses produce more than half of the nations gross domestic product, and businesses employ ing fewer than twenty people have created all 99.99 percent of the nations new jobs in recent years. Such a phenomenal success story is receivable not only to the free enterprise system and profit motive, but overly to a guardedly developed government policy of supporting and nurturing small businesses.The U. S. has implemented numerous federal programs to assist small businesses in harnessing the engines of economic growth and innovation loan guarantee programs, technical care programs, investment programs, anti- distinction regulatory programs, outreach efforts, information and training programs.Congress established the Telecommunications Development Fund, some $25 million, to invest in promising new telecommunications businesses. Obviously the environment and situation of most developing countries is quite different from that in the United States, and overcoming an embedded monopoly telecom provider is something weve never had to do. Still, some basic steps privatizing , establishing an independent regulator, developing helpful tax and labor laws, a willingness to waive regulatory and filing requirements to the extent attainable can produce great benefits.A developing country could make it a condition for foreign carriers and operators circumstances seeking to provide service to (or within) its territory to undertake efforts to promote or support indigenous and start-up businesses. documentation the growth of small and entrepreneurial telecom businesses by various means can lead to stable economic gains for developing nations economies, and to full participation in the global telecom marketplace.METHODS OF INTRODUCING COMPETITION IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR Restricting methods and modes of entry can cause investment distortions and result in higher prices to consumers.It is by allowing the marketplace to select preferred approaches that policymakers encourage efficient entry. Three methods are typically used to introduce competition into the telecommunications sector * Facilities-based competition * Unbundling of network elements * Resale In addition, a technologically neutral policy fosters innovative systems and alternate(a) facilities designed to meet the needs of the marketplace. For example, the construction of a wireless network may be more appropriate in some markets than the development of a competing wireline carrier. Facilities-Based Competition.When a new entrant constructs a network using its own facilities to reach its customers (i. e. , without using the incumbent carriers network), that type of entry is commonly referred to as full facilities-based competition. By developing a new network, a facilities-based competitor is not constrained by existing, possibly obsolete embedded plant and instead can install the newest, most efficient technology. As a result, the competitor will be able to supply new or additional services such as faster contagion and switching speeds or higher bandwidth capacity, and may be able to do so at lower costs than the incumbent.Facilities-based competitors not only directly benefit their customers but as well as create competitive pressure for the incumbent to upgrade its network. In addition, facilities-based entry allows the marketplace to drive competition with less regulatory presence. As discussed more fully below, full facilities-based entrants still require interconnection for the rough-cut exchange of traffic with other providers. New entrants customers need to be able to communicate with subscribers on other networks, especially the incumbents network where the majority of users obtain their service.Without the ability to interconnect on fair terms, a new facilities-based competitor cannot survive. Use of Unbundled Network Elements While full facilities-based competition has many advantages, it may not ever so be applicative for a new entrant to construct an entire network. For example, it may be economically feasible to construct swit ching and long distance facilities but infeasible to construct topical anaesthetic loops or last mile facilities that connect to customer locations. This might be due to economies of surpass or the practical difficulties associated with acquiring needed rights-of-way.Thus, a second entry route is one in which the new entrant constructs portions of a network and purchases inlet to the relevant subjective facilities of the incumbent providers network, such as the local loop. This method of entry is referred to as using unbundled network elements, and typically must be required by law or regulation. Entry through the use of unbundled network elements has a number of important advantages. First, it reduces entry barriers by allowing new entrants to begin erecting service without having to construct an entire network.Second, on a longer term basis, it prevents the incumbent carrier from exploiting any residual monopoly power that may arise through remaining economies of scale or fro m the practical difficulties of obtaining needed rights-of-way, antenna sites for wireless systems, etc. Third, it allows new entrants additional avenues of innovation. For example, new entrants can purchase unbundled loops from the established carrier and use them with entirely different types of technologies (e. g. , packet switches based upon Internet protocol (IP)) than those employed by the incumbent carrier.In this arrangement, consumers benefit from these new and better services and additional choices that competition provides. Regulatory intervention is required in order to require the incumbent carrier to unbundle its network and to price the resulting elements at economically efficient prices. More specifically, incumbents should be required to provide any requesting telecommunications carrier non-discriminatory access to elements of the incumbents network on an unbundled basis on rates, terms and conditions that are just, reasonable, and non-discriminatory.Incumbents sh ould be required to provide any reasonable method of interconnection, including physical collocation or virtual collocation, or interconnection at a point between the incumbents and new entrants network. In the United States, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 identified a minimum list of network elements that incumbent local exchange carriers must unbundle. These network elements include local loops, network porthole devices, local and tandem switching capabilities, interoffice transmission facilities, signaling and call-related databases, operations support systems, and operator services and directory assistance facilities.In addition, new entrants should have access to pole lines, ducts, conduits, and rights-of-way owned or controlled by the incumbent. Resale In the telecommunications context, resale occurs when competitors obtain a service at a discounted or in large quantities rate from the key, established carrier and then sell the service to their own customers. Resale can serve a multi-faceted role in promoting and sustaining competition in telecommunications services. Resale may be an effective entry vehicle for new entrants that may initially lack the necessary capital to build their own networks.Resale may too allow small competitors, which will not blend facilities-based providers, to tolerate service. In addition, resellers may stimulate usage of the incumbents network, and thus may benefit the incumbent facilities-based provider and further growth of the entire sector. Moreover, this competition may help to keep prices lower for consumers, increase consumer choice, and at last stimulate economic growth. Experience in the U. S. long distance market suggests that resale can yield strong public benefits.Resale competition takes the form of arbitrage, where a reseller purchases a large number of minutes at a quantity discount and resells them to small customers at prices lower than the retail prices otherwise available to those customers. By providing cheap prices for the customer, resellers stimulate demand and thus compel facilities-based carriers to bring their prices closer to actual costs. At the same time, the increased competition from resellers expands the availability of innovative services, such as new billing terms and alternative rate structures.In particular, resellers can create consumer value by creating different billing plans or targeting their marketing to under-served groups within the community. Many countries have committed to a policy of resale as part of the WTO Basic Telecommunications Agreement to provide market access for basic telecommunications services. For smaller countries, resale provides some of the benefits of competition even if the total amount of telecommunications traffic generated is insufficient to attract multiple facilities-based carriers.Resellers may resell an entire service without modification, which is referred to as Total Service Resale. Resellers may also choose to obtai n some services from the underlying carrier and combine them with services that they provide themselves. For example, a carrier may offer long distance services using its own switching facilities but lease long haul facilities from the incumbent provider. Resale also allows providers to offer bundles of different services without actually constructing the necessary facilities.By doing so, they can achieve certain economies in terms of marketing while providing a package of services for the convenience of their customers. For example, a local exchange carrier can offer long distance services without constructing long haul facilities. Similarly, a carrier offering both local and long- distance services could add mobile services to its package without constructing its own wireless network. In many industries resale occurs as a natural part of the development of markets. However, in telecommunications, a dominant carrier may be required by law or regulation to make its services availabl e for resale.In particular, a regulatory requirement may be necessary to force the underlying carrier to offer services at a in large quantities rate. In a competitive market, however, some providers may muster up a source of revenue in the provision of services on a wholesale basis. This often occurs when the facilities-based carrier has excess capacity on its network. In the U. S. long distance market, some carriers have constructed comprehensive fiber-optic networks with the intent of offering transmission services on a wholesale basis to other carriers.Real market experience has shown that resale can spur competition. The growth of competition in the U. S. long distance market resulted from a combination of the facilities-based and resale competition models. From the early stages of long distance competition, facilities-based providers and resellers have actively competed against one another. This approach resulted in more affordable rates, new service offerings, and numerous new entrants. Despite the obvious benefits of resale, it has limitations.First of all, the reseller is limited to a greater or lesser extent by the technical features and functions of the underlying carriers network. This limits the ability of the reseller to innovate. Second, resale alone does not put competitive pressure on wholesale rates and services because the underlying carrier may not be subject to competitive pressures to innovate at the wholesale level. This means that the regulator must retain some degree of control over the pricing, terms and conditions of the wholesale offering.INTERCONNECTION, THE KEY TO COMPETITIVE SUCCESS The key to competition within telecommunications services is the ability of networks to interconnect. Interconnection allows communications to occur across networks, linking competitors so customers of different networks can communicate with one another. For competition to be roaring at maximizing consumer benefits and innovation in the telecommun ications market, carriers that compete for customers must also provide competitors with access to those customers. shared out access to customers occurs through interconnection, and access to all customers is necessary both for successful entry and for continued competition. If the incumbent, with the enormous majority of customers, does not interconnect with new entrants, it is unlikely that the new entrants will remain economically viable. A regulatory framework is needed to aid in the transition from a monopoly environment to a competitive environment because a monopoly or dominant provider has a strategic interest to keep out or minimize competitors in its market.As a result, the monopoly or dominant provider has a strong incentive to limit interconnection. Therefore, a regulator that is independent of any operator and of inappropriate political order should adopt rules that give new entrants bargaining strength equal to the incumbents. The price of interconnection (or transpo rt and termination), for example, could serve as a significant barrier to entry for new networks. An incumbent monopolist has an incentive to demand a high price to terminate calls originating on a new entrants network and pay zip fastener for calls originating on its own network.In the United States, transport and termination charges are reciprocal and based on the long run incremental cost of providing the transport and termination on the incumbents network. Thus, the primary purpose of mandated interconnection is to foster a competitive environment that is fair to all competitors. Because the incumbent service provider has the broad majority of customers, a new entrant must be able to interconnect in order to provide full access to its customers. Without the ability to interconnect, new entrants would be severely restricted in their ability to compete with the incumbent.REGULATORY TOOLS FOR PROTECTING AGAINST THE EXERCISE OF MARKET POWER DURING THE TRANSITION TO COMPETITION Spe cial problems may arise when a telecommunications carrier with monopoly power in the provision of a particular service or facility wants to offer a competitive service that is dependent upon the use of the monopoly service or facility. This may occur, for example, where competition has been introduced in the long distance and international markets but the local market remains a monopoly. The two problems are cost- shifting/cross-subsidization and discrimination.The first problem arises if the monopoly service is regulated on a rate-of-return (profit) basis. If so, there is an incentive for the carrier with monopoly power to shift costs from the competitive service to the monopoly service. Shifting costs in this manner artificially raises the price of the monopoly service and allows the carrier to charge below-cost rates for the competitive service. This results in the mantled customers paying above- cost rates for the monopoly services and hampers the development of a viable market for the competitive services.An example of this situation could occur when a carrier with monopoly power in the provision of local facilities or services wants to enter the long distance market or information services market. The second problem occurs when control over an essential service or facility necessary for a competitive service enables the monopoly carrier to discriminate in favor of its own competitive offering. For example, a carrier with monopoly power in the provision of local facilities or services has the incentive to discriminate in favor of its own long distance or information service.This discrimination may manifest itself in the form of better forest interconnection or faster installation times for needed facilities or services. What follows is an overview of some of the tools that are available to policymakers and regulators to warn or prevent cost-shifting/cross-subsidization and discrimination. These tools or techniques can be used alone or in combination. T he more stringent techniques may be appropriate when and where the threat is greatest. Less stringent techniques may be appropriate as competition takes hold in the previously monopolized market.Outright Prohibition on Providing the Competitive harvest-tide or Service One technique for preventing a carrier with monopoly power from cross-subsidizing and discriminating in the provision of a competitive service is to prohibit the carrier from entering the competitive market. Outright restraints have been and are being used in the United States. For example, the original agreement (Consent Decree) that led to the divestiture of the Bell Operating Companies from ATT forbid the former from certain activities, including the provision of certain long distance services and information services.Under the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the Bell Operating Companies are prohibited from offering long distance services and alarm services until certain conditions are met. While outright prohibi tion prevents cross-subsidization and discrimination, it may also deny the public the benefits of possible economies of scale or scope that may be derived if the carrier is allowed to provide the competitive service. Outright prohibition may also deny the public the benefits of innovation that might come from the participation of the monopoly carrier in the competitive market. Price Caps for Regulated Monopoly Services.The incentive to shift costs from a competitive service to a monopoly service exists under profit regulation. Under price cap regulation, the prices of the monopoly services are capped (indexed to ostentation and expected productivity increases). Price cap regulation has a number of advantages, including incentives for the carrier to be more efficient. It also discourages the monopoly provider from shifting costs from the competitive activity to the monopoly activity, because if the price of the monopoly service is capped, there is no incentive to shift costs from th e competitive service to the monopoly service.Separate Subsidiary Requirement Under this requirement, the carrier with monopoly power is allowed to provide the competitive service, but only through a separate subsidiary or link. The separate subsidiary requirement is combined with an obligation that the monopoly carrier treat the affiliated company no better than it treats unaffiliated providers of the competitive service. In other words, the monopoly carrier must deal with the affiliate on an arms- length basis. The regulator has the ability to control the degree of separateness.Examples of the requirements for separateness can include requirements that the monopoly provider and its affiliate * Maintain separate books of account * Utilize separate officers and personnel * Employ separate marketing activities * not share common equipment or facilities * Adhere to certain restrictions on information flows that would unfairly benefit the competitive affiliate In addition, a typical r equirement is that if the affiliate must obtain any transmission services from the monopoly provider, it must do so on a tariffed basis.Tariffing Requirements Tariffing is a fundamental technique traditionally used to protect users (both consumers and other carriers) against discrimination. Tariffing requires the regulated monopolist to file tariffs explaining its service rates, terms and conditions with the regulatory operation and to stick to those rates, terms and conditions once the tariff is filed. Through the tariff and enforcement processes, which include opportunities for public comment, the regulator has some ability to prevent cross-subsidization and discrimination.Accounting Separation A requirement to maintain separate books of account can be adopted even without the imposition of a separate subsidiary requirement. Accounting separation typically requires the regulated monopoly provider to set up and maintain separate books of account for the competitive activity and t o adhere to prescribed methods of separating costs. This provides a degree of protection against cross-subsidization. Imputation Requirements.An imputation requirement obligates the regulated monopolist to charge the same amount for a service or facility provided to a competitive affiliate or operation that it charges to an unaffiliated provider, and to include that amount in the price it charges for the competitive service. Service Quality Reporting Requirements A service quality reporting requirement obligates the regulated monopolist to collect date and report on the quality of the services provided to both affiliated and unaffiliated competitors.This helps regulators detect and correct discrimination in the provision of essential services or facilities to competitors. Resale Requirements As discussed earlier, a resale requirement has a number of advantages in promoting competition. Resale can also help prevent cross-subsidization. For example, where a carrier has market power in the provision of switched services but there is competition in the provision of private lines, the carrier may try to increase the price of the switched service in order to cross-subsidize and thus under-price its private line offering.If the carrier is required to allow the resale of the private line offerings, however, entrepreneurs could combine the private lines with their own switching, and undercut the prices of the monopolists switched service offering. This has the effect of discouraging the carrier with market power from engaging in cross-subsidization. Unbundling Requirements An unbundling requirement forces the regulated monopolist to make network elements available to competitors on an unbundled basis under rates, terms and conditions that are just, reasonable, and non-discriminatory.To provide incentives for entry, the price of an unbundled element should equal the long run incremental cost of providing the element. Unbundling was discussed earlier as a way of lowering entry barriers and promoting innovation, but it also guards against anti-competitive tying arrangements, which arise when the monopolist requires a customer (e. g. , a competitor) to buy something unneeded as a condition of acquiring an essent.