'What Was the Renaissance Like\r'

'1 . What was the reincarnation comparable? Account for its main features. The consideration â€Å" renascence” is from the same French word, import â€Å"rebirth. ” It comes from the Italian Reenactments, â€Å"Re” meaning â€Å" everywhere again” and â€Å"nativity” meaning â€Å"be born. ” The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the fourteenth to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late nitty-gritty Ages (Tuscany) and ulterior diffusion to the rest of Europe. Its influence affected lit eonture, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other(a) aspects of skilful enquiry.As a cultural movement, the Renaissance period encompassed a rebellion of lassie-based learning, the nurture of cable lengthar perspective in hurtingting, and deliberate solely widespread educational reform. Tradition completelyy, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance macrocosm viewed as a bridg e surrounded by the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Although the Renaissance cut revolutions in sm solely-army intellectual side business lines, as well as social and governmental upheaval, it is perhaps best kn ingest for its delicate d evelopments and the contributions of much(prenominal) polymaths as Leonardo soda water Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term â€Å"Renaissance man”.The leash intellectual trait of the era was the reco precise, to a certain degree, of the secular and human race philosophy of Greece and Rome. A nonher do-gooder snub which can non be ignored was the rebirth of individualism, which, actual by Greece and Rome to a unique degree, had been suppressed by the tog up of a caste system in the riper Roman Empire, by the church service and by feudalism in the Middle Ages. g every(prenominal)ant Christianity restricted individual communicateion, fostered self-abnegation and self-annihilation, and imbalanced implicit faith and un questioning obedience.Furtherto a largeer extent, the Church officially ignored man and someoneality. Http://www. Timpani. Com/renaissance. hypertext fixup language Literature ( lawsuitistics): Emphasis on authorised studies in the expanding universities. -Increasing literacy among the laity. -Learning increased rapidly. -New schools were founded throughout Britain, in rural villages as well as cities. -Growth of a critical, skeptical type of scholarship, deuce-aceing to scientific inquiry. -Increasing trade leads to individual wealth, superior general prosperity, nationalism, and materialism. -Gradual movement from unquesti iodined religious beliefs toward a more than(prenominal) human- centered philosophy. Emphasis on human potential, not deitys power, believing wizards design in keep should be action, not religious contemplation. Language: side had enjoyment over French as the verbalise language. It became the language of scholarship, replacing Latin, and the langua ge of theology. It had no bounds to its development. As regards vocabulary, much step-up came from the learned words borrowed from Latin and Greek, but explorers and overseas tradesmen brought an influx of words from umteen foreign languages. New words were invented daily. spell out was erratic.In pronunciation, more words were stressed on different syllables from the ones currently emphasized. Changes in grammatic elements: -Pronouns: ye was replaced by you. -Verbs: the endings the changed to s. . Explain how the Philosophy of humanitarianism differs from the high-flowns held during the Middle English Period. Humanism is a system of thought that considers that solving human problems with the help of reason is more chief(prenominal) than religious beliefs. It emphasizes the fact that the basic nature of humans is good. It is secular-minded †religion is no lengthy the orientation.Humanism was not a philosophy per SE, but instead a method of learning. In contrast to the medieval scholastic method, which think on resolving contradictions between authors, humanists would issue ancient texts in the original, typically Ritter in Latin or ancient Greek, and survey them through a combination of abstract thought and empirical evidence. A) Mention the key representatives among Humanists writers -Sir doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas More: he was a humanist and lawyer, the offset layman to become Chancellor. beat out cognise for his work Utopia (no place or good place), which tells of an ideal state with the real representative government.It was create verbally in Latin, addressing to all scholars in Europe ( label were in Greek). He describes his ideas of a perfect confederacy. His work gave rise to the Utopian literature (new genre), presented as an ideal of perfection. Tyndale: was the first translator of the Renaissance, a defender of the faith who creates new words that didnt cost in English. His work as a translator was opposed i n England and he was forced to live in Germany, where he produced the first English version of the word of honor between 1525 and 1531 †King James: do the first authorized version of the Bible.He apply an archaic language so as to sound formal, show respect, and create a more distant atmosphere. It was a lay in work of all the previous(prenominal) translations. †Sir Thomas Eliot: with â€Å"The book appellationd the Governor” -Protestant/Anglican: Tyndale, Coverall Protestant/Calvinist: Geneva Bible -Catholic: now Bible b) Focus on Thomas More and explain why his Utopia is a Renaissance literary work Sir Thomas Meres most illustrious work is basically a dialogue between More, and an complex quantity character Raphael Hathaway.In the conversation between the deuce men, More learns that Hathaway is a traveler who has been all over the world with America Vesuvius and had been unexpended to explore the island of Utopia (nowhere). Hathaway explains how life in England has many evils in society in all aspects of life from policy-ma male monarch to social aspects. He then explains how the people of Utopia handled Hess everyday problems to trace it the perfect nation. Sir Thomas Meres Utopia is a banter †the name Raphael Hathaway meaner â€Å"dispenser of non sensory faculty”-.The book in any case makes fun at many aspects of society in England during the clipping period such as the severity of criminal law and the growing luxury of the wealthy ramify at the expense of the poor classs life of increased hardship. More can successfully accomplish the feat of criticizing the government beca call the character that is making the critical analysis of England is do up. By employ this technique in Utopia, More can publicize his own thoughts on the nation thou creation called out for treason to the crown. 3. Focus on the sonnet Sonnet: short song, a lyrical metrical composition in 14 debates. ) How does the Patriarchal sonnet comp ar to the Elizabethan sonnet? Patriarch wrote sonnets that consider lamb in an early renaissance sense; that is, they idealism the be have it offd lady, and they pore on the divine qualities she possesses, while lamenting the pain the vocalizer feels in not being with her. Each sonnet of fourteen lines considers one marriage offer in the opening musical octave of eight lines, and then considers the reverse or opposing view in the last examination sestets, or fractional-dozen lines. The switch from one view to its opposite is called the Volta.Shakespe atomic number 18 wrote sonnets in a much later period, and pokes fun at the idea that his be baskd lady could mayhap represent divine beaut. In addition, he took the English form of the sonnet, real by the Earl of Surrey and Thomas Wyatt, which included a last-place poesy pair of lines, called a rhyming duad. Shakespe are then pursued the same proposition throughout the entire sonnet until the very end, often pushi ng the Volta to the final couplet. -Structure of the Sonnet Patriarchal sonnet: -Each line has 5 feet consisting of either one unstressed syllable followed by en stressed syllable (iambic pentameter).Each line has 10 syllables in all. -The poem is dual-lane into both parts: the octave (8 lines †divided in 2 groups of 4 lines) and the sestets (6 lines †divided in two groups of 3 lines). -Between the octave and the sestets two main ideas are compared Octave: presentation, problem, argument, question. Sestets: solution, conclusion, answer. Or balance -The rhyme arrangement at the end of each line of the octave is: baobab; the sestets often varies, CDC or ceded. Elizabethan, Shakespearian or English sonnet: -Each line is in iambic pentameter.The poem is divided into four parts: 3 quatrains (4 lines each) and a final couplet (2 lines). -The rhyme scheme is usually: ABA CDC fee / egg †Shakespeare. ABA Bcc CDC / e †Spencer. Http://suites 01 . Com/article/differences- between-the-patriarchal-and-the- Shakespearean-sonnet-a374838 b) Why can sonnets be equated to miniatures? C) Which is the function performed by the rhyming couplet in 16th century sonnets? The 6th-century sonnets were create verbally to display the great cleverness, sophistication, and skill of the poet.Generally speaking, sonnets were more self- centered than their pick out rhetoric powerfulness initially suggest. Although they often purport to express private emotions from the poet to a be comed, they were usually meant not for private communication, but for â€Å"public” habit amongst a circle of Courtly readers. In other words, they were written to impress others rather than to convey genuine emotion. The great absolute majority of 16th-century sonnets were written to explore unrequited amorous esteem. It was assumed that the speaker would be a besotted man and the belove a resistant, disdainful, or otherwise unavailable woman.The speaker spends much of his peri od trying to take the beloved to sleep with him. Patriarch developed a number of conventions for describing loves varied pleasures and torments and the viewer of the beloved. Sonnets abound in wordplay: puns, double-entendre, multiple meanings, and clever figures of lecturing. The most common figures of speech utilize in 16th-century sonnets include the conceit, the blazon, and personification. Http://www. Lima. Ohio-state. Du/debarks/sonnet. hypertext match-up language d) Which are the current denominates in sonnets? equate Patriarchal themes to Shakespearean themes. Courtly love: love as pain (unrequited); love as a labyrinth; love as passion stronger than will; loves as chains †you cannot lose. Art. -Time: poetry could stop the going of cartridge holder †preserve a circumstance moment. -Death. -Historical figures - get it on at first sight, obsessive long and loveliness, thwarting, love as parallel to feudal service; Patriarchal themes: The lady as ideal ly beautiful, ideally virtuous, miraculous, beloved in heaven, and destined to early death; Love as virtue, love as idolatry, love as sensuality; The god of love with his arrows, fires, whips, chains; War indoors the self- hope, fear, Joy, sorrow.Conceits, wit, sophisticated cleverness; disputations and scholastic precision; Allegory, personification; Wooing, exhortation, outcry; Praise, blame; self-examination, Self-accusation, self-defense; self-mortification and the farewell to love. Shakespeare themes: One interpretation is that Shakespearean sonnets are in part a pastiche or parody of the three-centuries-old usage of Patriarchal love sonnets; Shakespeare consciously inverts formal gender roles as delineated in Patriarchal sonnets to create a more complex and potentially troubling photograph of human love.He also violated many sonnet rules, which had been strictly obeyed by his chum poets: he plays with gender roles, he speaks on human evils that do not eve to do with l ove, he comments on semipolitical events, he makes fun of love, he speaks openly about sex, he parodies witness, and even introduces humorous pornography e) Account for the main contributions make by renaissance consenters: Wyatt, Surrey, Lily, Sidney and Spencer. To do so, focus in the themes these consenters privilege and the main thingamabobs they employ. stand 2 examples of their poetry. ** Wyatt: Betrayal is a dominant theme in Watts work.Typically, the narrator is the wronged person and the poem serves to expose betrayals involving affairs of the nub along with political and social treachery. In Watts work, the fickle nature of women can keister its head at any time and a administrationier could be given the rimy shoulder on the whim of the king †especially true in heat content Vics time. For example, in ‘They Flee From Me, the narrator enlarge being forsaken both by a woman he loved and by acquaintances who once sought his guidance. Watts narrators expe rience crush out from the pain but also dejectedly accept their position.In ‘My Heart I Gave Thee, the narrator realizes that to pursue the one who wronged him is point little. Still, the betrayed are not without their cutting words and native motions. ‘Lug! My Fair Falcon, believed to have been written during Watts imprisonment, contains vivid imagery (like lice away from deathlike bodies they crawl) to illustrate the cruelty of betrayal. Even God abandons him. He follows Patriarchal theme of accomplished love ** Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey The tight rhyme scheme is not Surreys only sonic device: theres plenty of alliteration, too. Brittle beauty”, â€Å"tickle treasure”, â€Å"slipper in sliding”, â€Å"Jewel of Jeopardy” are among the most noticeable examples, but just about every line makes role of the device to some degree. Influenced by Wyatt, he popularizes English form of sonnet while adding the theme of nature. He did much to e stablish the tradition of courtly concerned with arts and letters. He translated the Amended, making first use of unoccupied verse (unrushed iambic pentameter). ** John Lily He is best known for Pushes (puppyish †panache) which has trivial and depraved plots but was read for its alliterative style and extravagant language.He is involved in the make-up of Drama. He takes his imagery from classical learning. in that location are classical allusions, symmetry, parallelism, alliteration. People loved it so much that he wrote a abet part of Pushes. * Sir Philip Sidney He was the first English literary critic. He argues that poetry has the function of both teaching and delighting. The great end of learning is the living of a virtuous life, and the inspired poet can lead readers to the highest truths. Prose: -Arcadia: as Lily, he uses the prose for ornamental use and has a twisted plot. Device employ: pathetic fallacy, beyond personification.He gives inanimate objects unbidden and feelings of their own. He uses imagery from nature †sounds more fresh. Poetry: -Catastrophes and Stella: first sequence of associate sonnets in English. Catastrophes (star lover) †Stella (star) *Edmund Spencer: He was the first pregnant modern English poet. His poetry continues in the allegorical verse tradition of the Middle Ages. His allegories, however, were much more complex than previous ones on three levels: moral, historical, and personal. Allegories were suggested by the characters names: Vanity, Queen of Pride, Gluttony.Readers should be alert to the multilevel meaning of each character. Spencer divides a nine-spot line stanza, rhyming Babcock, now known as the Spenserian stanza. The first eight lines of the stanza are in iambic pentameter, the last is an Alexandrine (iambic hexameter). queen Queen: culmination of allegorical tradition. It brings in concert history, folklore, patriotism, political thought, humanism, Protestant idealism, epic and romance, a nd so forth Amaretto: a sonnet sequence f) Analyses The hind(prenominal) by Wyatt and the sonnet that begins â€Å"Since side, nor stone… By Shakespeare. The Hind by Wyatt Wyatt uses the sonnet form, which he introduced to England from the work of Patriarch. The Patriarchal sonnet typically has 14 lines. The first 8 lines, or eight-spot, introduce a problem or issue for contemplation and the remaining sise lines, or sestets, offers a resolution or an opinion. Wyatt uses iambic manometer. This meaner that there are five pairs of syllables, each with the stress on the second syllable. It is the most common rhythm utilise in traditional poetry and was used by Shakespeare in his sonnets, poems and plays.Iambic pentameter, though a regular rhythm, was thought to be proximate to ordinary speech patterns, so it is an taste to imitate but also swipe the sounds of everyday conversation. By opening the poem with a question, the narrator challenges the reader. There is an invit ation in his words, and the use of an exclamation mark at the end of the first line implies zeal at the idea. As hunting was a popular pastime in the court of Henry viii, this suggests a poem along the lines of Henry Vics own most famous lyric, ‘Pastime With Good Company.However, problem within the octet is revealed in line 2 as the poet tells us that he is no extended part of the hunt. An exclamation mark is used in line 2, again to emphasize emotion, but this time thwarting and regret. This is a passionate yet remote introduction. Line 3 makes use of assonance to reveal the poets earlier hunting efforts as Vain travail which has tired him out to the point of physical pain. We can see that the memo is an extended simile for the end of a relationship. The metaphor is an excellent choice in terms of the Tudor court and the thinkable situation to which it is attributed.The poet is now at the asshole end of the pursuit, although, he says in line 5 that his mind has not d eviated from the hunt. Wyatt makes use of enjambment (breaking a invent over more than one line of verse) and caesura (concluding a phrase within the first half of a line of verse) across lines six and seven to highlight the discord delineated by the end of the relationship as he subverts and challenges his own chosen structure. In line 8, the poet uses the concluding line of the octet to stress the futility of his former quest. He uses the metaphor of catching the wind in a net to emphasize the pointlessness of his chase.The final sestets begins with line 9 reiterating the appeal to those who handle to join the hunt, but he continues in to line 10 to explain that the pursuit will be in shadowy for them too. Again there is an exclamation mark to indicate an intensity of feeling. Line 11 continues the extended metaphor as an business relationship of why his hunt of this ‘hind, and that of others who pursue her, is so pointless. She has a bejewel arrest, indicating she alr eady has an proprietor. Her collar is adorned with the Latin phrase ‘Noel Me teenager meaning touch me not. This expression refers to a phrase spoken by Jesus to bloody shame Magdalene in the Bible.The design also includes the name of her owner †for Careers I am. ‘ If we identify the poem as referring to Anne Volley, then her new owner would be King Henry VIII; the pair were married around the time when this poem was composed and Wyatt could no longer compete for her affections. By describing Henry using the allusion of Caesar, Wyatt bestows on his monarch the qualities of a write up of greatness and incisive rule. Caesar was, like Henry, a leader early in late teens, a handsome and strong schoolboyish man and was significant in the political and aesthetic changes and developments of his realm. some(prenominal) were literate, charismatic and influential. However, other less favorable parallels can be drawn. Both Caesar and Henry VIII incurred huge debt during thei r various(prenominal) offices. There were many subjects who were held captive, sometimes executed, on charges of treason. Caesar faced questions regarding his sexuality and his unsuitable choices of women. Wyatt may also be alluding to these less sympathetic aspects of Caesar in his comparison if we see the view in the poem to be borne of frustration and anger. Http://www. Graveside. Mom/collected-poems-of-sir-Thomas-Wyatt/study- guide/sections/ Sonnet 64 discusses the â€Å"lofty towers I see down-razed,” the â€Å"brass” which is â€Å"eternal slave to mortal rage,” or a victim to war, and the destruction of â€Å"the kingdom of the shore” by the â€Å"hungry ocean. ” here again, â€Å"brass, nor stone, nor earth, nor boundless sea” can escape the ravages of time. Line 3 asks, â€Å"How with this rage shall beauty hold a plea,” characterizing beauty as the plaintiff in a level-headed dispute. Time is thus characterized as an raw warrant, against which delicate beauty stands no incur in court.The legal terminology is act in the following line with the use of the word â€Å"action. ” The idea of times â€Å"rage” golf links Sonnet 65 to the previous sonnet. In Sonnet 64, â€Å"brass” is described as an â€Å"eternal slave to mortal rage. ” The term â€Å"rage” in association with time is also seen in Sonnet 13, which refers to the â€Å" liberal rage of deaths eternal cold. ” Lines 6-8 present a metaphor of the seizure of a city, which would be the final destruction of war. In line 6, â€Å"the wrathful siege of battering days,” refers to boom and\r\n'